Table 1.

Therapeutic application of invasomes.

Drug	Applications	Type of Study	Study Outcomes	Ref.
Avanafil	Treatment of erectile dysfunction	Excised abdominal rat skin	Optimized invasomal film improved the bioavailability and transdermal permeation of Avanafil	[63]
Idebenone Azelaic acid	Antioxidant/anticancer, anti-acne	Excised human skin	LeciPlex exhibited higher permeation of idebenone and invasomes exhibited higher permeation of azelaic acid	[64]
Curcumin	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activity	Shed snake skin	Physicochemical characteristics of the formulations influenced by terpene and Tween 20	[65]
Curcumin	Anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, Etc.	Excised rat skin	Invasome with 0.5% limonene improved intradermal penetration of curcumin	[56]
Temoporfin	Photodynamic therapy (a pilot study)	Mice skin	Temoporfin invasomes containing a 1% terpene mixture decreased tumor size significantly by photodynamic therapy compared to control groups	[35]
Temoporfin	Photodynamic therapy	Human epidermoid tumor cell line A431	In the A431 cells temoporfin-loaded invasomes were more cytotoxic	[66]
Temoporfin	Photodynamic therapy	Abdominal human skin	Invasomal formulation with 1% mixture of terpenes exhibited a significantly enhanced deposition of temoporfin in the SC compared to liposomes	[38]
Ferulic acid	Antioxidant effect	Excised human skin	Ethosomes are better vesicular carriers for the delivery of ferulic acid into the skin than invasomes	[67]