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. 2020 Feb 20;10(2):364. doi: 10.3390/nano10020364

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Intracellular barriers for in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA delivery: (1) Interaction between the delivery system and cell membrane, (2) endocytosis, and (3) endosomal escape and release of the mRNA to start the translation process.