Table 3.

Scaffolds and fabrication techniques used for TMJ condyle regeneration.

	Scaffold Material	Fabrication technique	Experimental model	Result(s)	Cite
Synthetic materials	PLA, PGA, PLGA	PGA fibers coated with PLA solution, Negative mold	In vitro, BMSCs	Demonstrated cellular compatibility	[169]
		EtOH sintered PLGA particles, Freeze dried	Rabbit condyle defect, 6 weeks	Slight increase in cartilage formed over empty defect	[164]
	PCL	PCL surface treated with NaOH, 3D printed	Dorsum of rats, 7 days	Supported blood vessel formation; printed entire mandible	[170]
	PEG	PEG hydrogel, Photocrosslinked	In vitro, TMJ chondrocytes	Mechanical strain reduced collagen I and II	[171]
	HA	Gas foamed HA sintered at 1200°C, Milled	Sheep condyle replacement, 16 weeks	Supported cartilage and bone formation; attachment of the TMJ disc	[172]
Natural materials	Coral	Coral cleaned with NaClO, Milled	Dorsum of mice, 8 weeks	Cell seeding resulted in new hard tissue and osteocytes	[144]
	Collagen	HA-collagen composite and collagen sponge, Milled	Clinical trial, 1 year	Greatly increased mandible range of motion and patient quality of life	[173]
	Chitosan	PCL-HA-chitosan composite, Freeze dried	Mechanical and chemical assessment	Mechanical properties were similar to the native condyle	[174]