Table 5.
Results of the Generalised Linear Model Regarding the Effects of MBPP on Secondary Outcomes (Mood Symptoms, Level of Mindfulness, Psychotic Symptoms)
| Dependent Variable | Crude Model | Adjusted Model | ES Cohen’s d | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | CI | χ2 | p-value | B | CI | χ2 | p-value | |||||
| Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | |||||||||
| DASS | (intercept) | 16.96 | 12.84 | 21.08 | 65.06 | 0.000 | 17.86 | 13.26 | 22.45 | 58.03 | 0.000 | |
| Total score | Group | 0.63 | −5.33 | 6.59 | 0.04 | 0.835 | 0.07 | −7.36 | 7.50 | 0.00 | 0.986 | |
| Time (T2) | −2.85 | −7.37 | 1.67 | 1.53 | 0.216 | −4.29 | −9.15 | 0.57 | 2.99 | 0.084 | ||
| Time (T3) | −3.46 | −8.76 | 1.85 | 1.63 | 0.201 | −5.00 | −10.83 | 0.83 | 2.82 | 0.093 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −4.66 | −11.21 | 1.88 | 1.95 | 0.163 | −2.79 | −10.65 | 5.07 | 0.48 | 0.486 | 0.38 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.22 | −7.56 | 7.99 | 0.00 | 0.957 | 4.62 | −4.82 | 14.05 | 0.92 | 0.338 | −0.09 | |
| Depression | (intercept) | 5.58 | 4.12 | 7.05 | 55.73 | 0.000 | 5.90 | 4.26 | 7.55 | 49.51 | 0.000 | |
| Group | −0.77 | −2.88 | 1.35 | 0.50 | 0.479 | −0.90 | −3.56 | 1.76 | 0.44 | 0.505 | ||
| Time (T2) | −1.69 | −3.41 | 0.02 | 3.75 | 0.053 | −2.19 | −4.07 | −0.31 | 5.21 | 0.022* | ||
| Time (T3) | −1.63 | −3.58 | 0.33 | 2.65 | 0.103 | −2.05 | −4.23 | 0.13 | 3.38 | 0.066 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −1.53 | −4.02 | 0.95 | 1.46 | 0.227 | −0.81 | −3.85 | 2.23 | 0.27 | 0.602 | 0.63 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.27 | −2.60 | 3.14 | 0.03 | 0.853 | 1.66 | −1.87 | 5.19 | 0.85 | 0.356 | 0.14 | |
| Anxiety | (intercept) | 4.54 | 3.01 | 6.07 | 33.73 | 0.000 | 4.76 | 3.14 | 6.38 | 33.15 | 0.000 | |
| Group | 2.28 | 0.06 | 4.49 | 4.05 | 0.051 | 2.01 | −0.61 | 4.63 | 2.25 | 0.133 | ||
| Time (T2) | 0.10 | −1.60 | 1.79 | 0.01 | 0.912 | −0.38 | −2.09 | 1.33 | 0.19 | 0.662 | ||
| Time (T3) | −0.33 | −2.31 | 1.65 | 0.11 | 0.742 | −0.67 | −2.72 | 1.39 | 0.41 | 0.524 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −2.60 | −5.76 | 0.582 | 2.56 | 0.110 | −1.62 | −4.38 | 1.14 | 1.32 | 0.250 | 0.08 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −1.32 | −4.22 | 1.59 | 0.79 | 0.374 | 0.05 | −3.27 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 0.976 | −0.27 | |
| Stress | (intercept) | 6.83 | 5.05 | 8.61 | 56.62 | 0.000 | 7.19 | 5.16 | 9.22 | 48.36 | 0.000 | |
| Group | −0.88 | −3.45 | 1.69 | 0.45 | 0.503 | −1.04 | −4.31 | 2.24 | 0.38 | 0.535 | ||
| Time (T2) | −1.25 | −3.17 | 0.66 | 1.65 | 0.199 | −1.71 | −3.79 | 0.37 | 2.61 | 0.106 | ||
| Time (T3) | −1.50 | −3.77 | 0.77 | 1.68 | 0.194 | −2.29 | −4.81 | 0.24 | 3.15 | 0.076 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −0.52 | −3.29 | 2.26 | 0.13 | 0.715 | −0.36 | −3.73 | 3.00 | 0.04 | 0.833 | 0.3 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 1.27 | −2.06 | 4.59 | 0.56 | 0.455 | 2.90 | −1.18 | 6.98 | 1.94 | 0.164 | −0.09 | |
| FFMQ | ||||||||||||
| Total score | (intercept) | 56.20 | 53.12 | 59.28 | 1278.75 | 0.000 | 56.15 | 52.67 | 59.64 | 995.53 | 0.000 | |
| Group | 3.12 | −1.33 | 7.58 | 1.89 | 0.169 | 2.08 | −3.56 | 7.72 | 0.52 | 0.469 | ||
| Time (T2) | 2.36 | −1.37 | 6.10 | 1.54 | 0.215 | 2.71 | −1.60 | 7.02 | 1.52 | 0.218 | ||
| Time (T3) | 4.59 | 0.39 | 8.79 | 4.60 | 0.032* | 5.23 | 0.43 | 10.02 | 4.57 | 0.033* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −2.94 | −8.34 | 2.46 | 1.14 | 0.286 | −2.86 | −9.83 | 4.10 | 0.65 | 0.421 | −0.02 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −5.06 | −11.13 | 1.02 | 2.66 | 0.103 | −4.02 | −11.77 | 3.73 | 1.04 | 0.309 | 0.29 | |
| Observing | (intercept) | 9.21 | 8.03 | 10.39 | 233.69 | 0.000 | 9.10 | 7.83 | 10.36 | 199.36 | 0.000 | |
| Group | 1.20 | −0.51 | 2.91 | 1.90 | 0.168 | 0.75 | −1.29 | 2.79 | 0.52 | 0.471 | ||
| Time (T2) | 0.92 | −0.49 | 2.32 | 1.64 | 0.201 | 1.19 | −0.30 | 2.68 | 2.44 | 0.118 | ||
| Time (T3) | 1.79 | 0.20 | 3.39 | 4.84 | 0.028* | 1.81 | 0.11 | 3.51 | 4.34 | 0.037* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −1.78 | −3.81 | 0.25 | 2.96 | 0.085 | −2.58 | −4.99 | −0.16 | 4.37 | 0.037* | 0.19 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −3.00 | −5.30 | −0.69 | 6.48 | 0.011* | −2.81 | −5.56 | −0.06 | 4.00 | 0.045* | 0.64 | |
| Describing | (intercept) | 9.42 | 8.00 | 10.84 | 168.75 | 0.000 | 9.60 | 8.01 | 11.18 | 140.80 | 0.000 | |
| Group | 1.49 | −0.56 | 3.55 | 2.03 | 0.155 | 0.10 | −2.47 | 2.66 | 0.01 | 0.941 | ||
| Time (T2) | 0.25 | −1.40 | 1.91 | 0.09 | 0.763 | −0.07 | −1.83 | 1.69 | 0.01 | 0.937 | ||
| Time (T3) | 1.38 | −0.53 | 3.28 | 2.01 | 0.156 | 1.26 | −0.81 | 3.33 | 1.43 | 0.232 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −1.18 | −3.57 | 1.21 | 0.94 | 0.332 | −0.28 | −3.13 | 2.57 | 0.04 | 0.850 | −0.09 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −1.15 | −3.90 | 1.60 | 0.67 | 0.411 | 0.33 | −3.02 | 3.68 | 0.04 | 0.846 | −0.1 | |
| Awareness | (intercept) | 13.54 | 11.86 | 15.22 | 248.61 | 0.000 | 13.38 | 11.53 | 15.23 | 201.10 | 0.000 | |
| Group | 0.64 | −1.79 | 3.07 | 0.27 | 0.606 | 1.08 | −1.91 | 4.07 | 0.50 | 0.479 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.81 | −2.69 | 1.07 | 0.71 | 0.401 | −0.43 | −2.41 | 1.55 | 0.18 | 0.672 | ||
| Time (T3) | −0.42 | −2.62 | 1.79 | 0.14 | 0.711 | 0.19 | −2.18 | 2.56 | 0.02 | 0.875 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | 0.09 | −2.63 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 0.948 | −0.53 | −3.73 | 2.68 | 0.10 | 0.748 | −0.18 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.09 | −3.10 | 3.28 | 0.00 | 0.958 | −0.50 | −4.32 | 3.33 | 0.07 | 0.799 | −0.21 | |
| Non judging | (intercept) | 13.79 | 12.50 | 15.08 | 440.31 | 0.000 | 13.62 | 12.18 | 15.05 | 346.45 | 0.000 | |
| Group | −0.66 | −2.52 | 1.21 | 0.48 | 0.491 | 0.07 | −2.25 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 0.951 | ||
| Time (T2) | 0.37 | −1.11 | 1.84 | 0.24 | 0.626 | 0.81 | −0.88 | 2.49 | 0.89 | 0.346 | ||
| Time (T3) | 0.25 | −1.46 | 1.96 | 0.08 | 0.774 | 0.67 | −1.26 | 2.60 | 0.46 | 0.498 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | 0.85 | −1.28 | 2.98 | 0.61 | 0.434 | 0.58 | −2.15 | 3.30 | 0.17 | 0.679 | −0.06 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.51 | −1.96 | 2.99 | 0.17 | 0.683 | 0.10 | −3.02 | 3.22 | 0.00 | 0.949 | 0.05 | |
| Non reacting | (intercept) | 10.24 | 9.08 | 11.40 | 300.44 | 0.00 | 10.46 | 9.14 | 11.78 | 241.38 | 0.00 | |
| Group | 0.45 | −1.23 | 2.12 | 0.27 | 0.601 | 0.08 | −2.05 | 2.22 | 0.01 | 0.941 | ||
| Time (T2) | 1.63 | −0.10 | 3.37 | 3.39 | 0.052 | 1.21 | −0.74 | 3.16 | 1.47 | 0.225 | ||
| Time (T3) | 1.59 | −0.03 | 3.22 | 3.70 | 0.049 | 1.30 | −0.56 | 3.16 | 1.87 | 0.171 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −0.92 | −3.43 | 1.59 | 0.51 | 0.474 | −0.06 | −3.22 | 3.09 | 0.00 | 0.970 | 0.18 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −1.51 | −3.86 | 0.84 | 1.58 | 0.209 | −1.15 | −4.16 | 1.86 | 0.56 | 0.453 | 0.39 | |
| PSYRAT | ||||||||||||
| Total score | (intercept) | 8.33 | 3.44 | 13.23 | 11.13 | 0.001 | 8.95 | 3.75 | 14.15 | 11.39 | 0.001 | |
| Group | 3.17 | −3.91 | 10.25 | 0.77 | 0.381 | 3.59 | −4.82 | 11.99 | 0.70 | 0.403 | ||
| Time (T2) | −2.96 | −8.03 | 2.11 | 1.31 | 0.253 | −4.57 | −9.53 | 0.38 | 3.27 | 0.071 | ||
| Time (T3) | −5.13 | −11.26 | 1.01 | 2.68 | 0.102 | −6.86 | −13.02 | −0.70 | 4.76 | 0.029* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −1.09 | −8.42 | 6.25 | 0.08 | 0.771 | 4.65 | −3.37 | 12.66 | 1.29 | 0.256 | −0.19 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 1.35 | −7.52 | 10.22 | 0.09 | 0.765 | 4.70 | −5.26 | 14.67 | 0.86 | 0.355 | −0.44 | |
| Total H score | (intercept) | 5.96 | 2.05 | 9.86 | 8.95 | 0.003 | 6.81 | 2.59 | 11.03 | 10.00 | 0.002 | |
| Group | 3.04 | −2.60 | 8.69 | 1.12 | 0.291 | 2.96 | −3.87 | 9.79 | 0.72 | 0.395 | ||
| Time (T2) | −1.54 | −5.26 | 2.18 | 0.66 | 0.417 | −3.10 | −6.72 | 0.53 | 2.80 | 0.094 | ||
| Time (T3) | −3.96 | −8.58 | 0.67 | 2.81 | 0.094 | −5.38 | −10.01 | −0.75 | 5.19 | 0.023* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −2.32 | −7.70 | 3.06 | 0.72 | 0.398 | 2.02 | −3.84 | 7.88 | 0.46 | 0.500 | −0.08 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.25 | −6.48 | 6.98 | 0.01 | 0.941 | 2.92 | −4.57 | 10.41 | 0.58 | 0.445 | −0.42 | |
| Emotion H | (intercept) | 2.04 | 0.55 | 3.54 | 7.15 | 0.007 | 2.33 | 0.71 | 3.96 | 7.91 | 0.005 | |
| Group | 1.00 | −1.16 | 3.17 | 0.83 | 0.363 | 0.90 | −1.73 | 3.53 | 0.45 | 0.504 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.50 | −2.12 | 1.12 | 0.37 | 0.546 | −1.14 | −2.75 | 0.46 | 1.95 | 0.163 | ||
| Time (T3) | −1.63 | −3.55 | 0.30 | 2.73 | 0.098 | −1.95 | −3.93 | 0.02 | 3.76 | 0.053 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −1.00 | −3.34 | 1.34 | 0.70 | 0.403 | 0.53 | −2.07 | 3.12 | 0.16 | 0.691 | 0 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.74 | −2.06 | 3.54 | 0.27 | 0.605 | 1.65 | −1.55 | 4.84 | 1.02 | 0.313 | −0.56 | |
| Physical H | (intercept) | 1.04 | 0.28 | 1.81 | 7.12 | 0.008 | 1.19 | 0.36 | 2.02 | 7.90 | 0.005 | |
| Group | 0.69 | −0.42 | 1.79 | 1.48 | 0.225 | 0.81 | −0.53 | 2.15 | 1.40 | 0.237 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.25 | −0.91 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.458 | −0.48 | −1.12 | 0.16 | 2.13 | 0.144 | ||
| Time (T3) | −0.50 | −1.34 | 0.34 | 1.35 | 0.245 | −0.86 | −1.69 | −0.02 | 4.06 | 0.044* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −0.43 | −1.39 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.375 | 0.25 | −0.79 | 1.28 | 0.22 | 0.642 | −0.15 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −0.21 | −1.44 | 1.01 | 0.11 | 0.736 | 0.24 | −1.11 | 1.59 | 0.12 | 0.725 | −0.28 | |
| Control H | (intercept) | 1.50 | 0.53 | 2.47 | 9.23 | 0.002 | 1.71 | 0.66 | 2.76 | 10.25 | 0.001 | |
| Group | 0.95 | −0.44 | 2.35 | 1.79 | 0.181 | 0.75 | −0.95 | 2.44 | 0.74 | 0.388 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.46 | −1.36 | 0.44 | 0.99 | 0.319 | −0.76 | −1.60 | 0.07 | 3.19 | 0.074 | ||
| Time (T3) | −1.00 | −2.13 | 0.13 | 3.02 | 0.082 | −1.33 | −2.42 | −0.25 | 5.81 | 0.016* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −0.72 | −2.03 | 0.58 | 1.18 | 0.277 | 0.45 | −0.90 | 1.81 | 0.43 | 0.510 | −0.1 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | −0.30 | −1.94 | 1.34 | 0.13 | 0.722 | 0.56 | −1.19 | 2.32 | 0.40 | 0.528 | −0.37 | |
| Cognitive H | (intercept) | 1.38 | 0.49 | 2.26 | 9.28 | 0.002 | 1.57 | 0.61 | 2.53 | 10.33 | 0.001 | |
| Group | 0.40 | −0.88 | 1.68 | 0.37 | 0.542 | 0.51 | −1.04 | 2.05 | 0.41 | 0.523 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.33 | −1.17 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.433 | −0.71 | −1.57 | 0.15 | 2.65 | 0.103 | ||
| Time (T3) | −0.83 | −1.87 | 0.21 | 2.47 | 0.116 | −1.24 | −2.32 | −0.15 | 4.99 | 0.026* | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | −0.17 | −1.37 | 1.04 | 0.07 | 0.786 | 0.79 | −0.60 | 2.18 | 1.24 | 0.265 | −0.1 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.03 | −1.49 | 1.54 | 0.00 | 0.972 | 0.47 | −1.29 | 2.23 | 0.27 | 0.601 | −0.27 | |
| Total D score | (intercept) | 2.38 | 0.48 | 4.27 | 6.03 | 0.014 | 2.14 | 0.06 | 4.22 | 4.08 | 0.043 | |
| Group | 0.13 | −2.62 | 2.87 | 0.01 | 0.929 | 0.63 | −2.74 | 3.99 | 0.13 | 0.715 | ||
| Time (T2) | −1.42 | −3.76 | 0.93 | 1.41 | 0.236 | −1.48 | −4.10 | 1.15 | 1.21 | 0.271 | ||
| Time (T3) | −1.17 | −3.77 | 1.44 | 0.77 | 0.380 | −1.48 | −4.36 | 1.40 | 1.01 | 0.315 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | 1.23 | −2.15 | 4.62 | 0.51 | 0.475 | 2.63 | −1.62 | 6.88 | 1.47 | 0.225 | −0.33 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 1.31 | −2.48 | 5.10 | 0.46 | 0.499 | 1.78 | −2.87 | 6.44 | 0.56 | 0.453 | −0.31 | |
| Cognitive D | (intercept) | 1.38 | 0.35 | 2.40 | 6.85 | 0.009 | 1.24 | 0.13 | 2.35 | 4.76 | 0.029 | |
| Group | −0.06 | −1.55 | 1.43 | 0.01 | 0.940 | 0.15 | −1.65 | 1.95 | 0.03 | 0.873 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.79 | −2.06 | 0.48 | 1.49 | 0.222 | −0.86 | −2.29 | 0.58 | 1.37 | 0.241 | ||
| Time (T3) | −0.67 | −2.08 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 0.356 | −0.86 | −2.41 | 0.69 | 1.17 | 0.279 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | 0.56 | −1.27 | 2.40 | 0.36 | 0.547 | 1.32 | −1.00 | 3.64 | 1.24 | 0.265 | −0.23 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.72 | −1.34 | 2.78 | 0.47 | 0.495 | 1.09 | −1.42 | 3.60 | 0.72 | 0.395 | −0.26 | |
| Emotion D | (intercept) | 1.00 | 0.12 | 1.88 | 4.95 | 0.026 | 0.90 | −0.07 | 1.88 | 3.29 | 0.070 | |
| Group | 0.18 | −1.09 | 1.46 | 0.08 | 0.780 | 0.48 | −1.10 | 2.06 | 0.35 | 0.552 | ||
| Time (T2) | −0.63 | −1.71 | 0.46 | 1.28 | 0.258 | −0.62 | −1.82 | 0.58 | 1.02 | 0.313 | ||
| Time (T3) | −0.50 | −1.71 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.417 | −0.62 | −1.96 | 0.72 | 0.82 | 0.366 | ||
| Group x Time (T2) | 0.67 | −0.89 | 2.24 | 0.70 | 0.401 | 1.31 | −0.63 | 3.26 | 1.75 | 0.186 | −0.43 | |
| Group x Time (T3) | 0.59 | −1.17 | 2.35 | 0.43 | 0.511 | 0.70 | −1.47 | 2.86 | 0.40 | 0.529 | −0.36 | |
Notes: Cohen’s d = 0.2 = Small effect size; 0.5 = Medium effect size; 0.8 = Large effect size (Cohen, 1988). *p < 0.05. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.
Abbreviations: DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; FFMQ, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; PSYRAT, Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale; Total H score, Total hallucination score; Emotion H, hallucination; Physical H, physical hallucination; Control H, control hallucination; Cognitive H, cognitive hallucination; Total D score, total delusion score; Cognitive D, cognitive delusion; Emotion D, emotion delusion.