Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Baseline
| Unmatched Cohort | Matched Cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEX Group (n= 5565) | Non-DEX (n=1853) | P value | DEX Group (n=1853) | Non-DEX (n=1853) | Standardized Differences | P value | |
| Male; n(%) | 2783(50.0) | 797(43.0) | <0.0001 | 795(42.9) | 797(43) | 0.002 | 0.974 |
| Age; year | 52.61±13.83 | 53.61±14.12 | 0.008 | 53.40±13.55 | 53.61±14.12 | 0.015 | 0.657 |
| Age group; n(%) | 0.414 | 0.543 | |||||
| ≤45 year | 970(17.4) | 311(16.8) | 287(15.5) | 311(16.8) | 0.035 | ||
| 45 to 60 year | 2682(48.2) | 874(47.2) | 880(47.5) | 874(47.2) | 0.007 | ||
| ≥60 year | 1913(34.4) | 688(36.0) | 686(37) | 668(36) | 0.020 | ||
| Height; cm | 159.71±15.54 | 159.13±13.42 | 0.153 | 159.74±8.30 | 159.83±8.24 | 0.011 | 0.750 |
| Weight; kg | 61.61±11.86 | 61.36±11.00 | 0.430 | 61.45±10.63 | 61.60±10.32 | 0.014 | 0.667 |
| BMI; kg/m2 | 23.9±3.5 | 24.1±3.4 | 0.178 | 24.04±3.50 | 24.07±3.41 | 0.010 | 0.772 |
| BMI group; n(%) | 0.142 | 0.265 | |||||
| ≤18.5 kg/m2 | 244(4.4) | 62(3.3) | 72(3.9) | 62(3.4) | 0.029 | ||
| 18.5 to 24 kg/m2 | 2712(48.7) | 921(49.7) | 875(47.2) | 921(49.7) | 0.050 | ||
| ≥24 kg/m2 | 2609(46.9) | 870(47.0) | 906(48.9) | 870(47) | 0.039 | ||
| Smoking status; n(%) | 672(12.1) | 179(9.7) | 0.005 | 189(10.2) | 179(9.7) | 0.018 | 0.621 |
| Drinking status; n(%) | 185(3.3) | 35(1.9) | 0.002 | 39(2.1) | 35(1.9) | 0.015 | 0.725 |
| OSAHS; n(%) | 322(5.8) | 86(4.6) | 0.061 | 84(4.5) | 86(4.6) | 0.005 | 0.937 |
| ASA grade; n(%) | 0.067 | 0.071 | |||||
| I | 28(0.5) | 17(0.9) | 6(0.3) | 17(0.9) | 0.076 | ||
| II | 3635(65.3) | 1177(63.5) | 1186(64) | 1177(63.5) | 0.010 | ||
| III | 1902(34.2) | 659(35.6) | 661(35.7) | 659(35.6) | 0.002 | ||
| Surgery type; n(%) | <0.0001 | 0.003 | |||||
| Gynecological surgery | 337(6.1) | 239(12.9) | 177(9.6) | 239(12.9) | 0.110 | ||
| Middle and lower abdominal surgery | 650(11.7) | 261(14.1) | 213(11.5) | 261(14.1) | 0.078 | ||
| Upper abdominal surgery | 454(8.2) | 145(7.8) | 161(8.7) | 145(7.8) | 0.031 | ||
| Urological surgery | 561(10.1) | 138(7.4) | 167(9) | 138(7.4) | 0.057 | ||
| Chest and breast surgery | 684(12.3) | 151(8.1) | 187(10.1) | 151(8.1) | 0.068 | ||
| Head, neck and ENT surgery | 434(7.8) | 167(9.0) | 159(8.6) | 166(9) | 0.013 | ||
| Neurosurgery | 662(11.9) | 166(9.0) | 168(9.1) | 161(8.7) | 0.013 | ||
| Orthopedic spine surgery | 1106(19.9) | 390(21.0) | 431(23.3) | 396(21.4) | 0.045 | ||
| Orthopedic limb and other surgery | 677(12.2) | 196(10.6) | 190(10.3) | 196(10.6) | 0.011 | ||
| Minimally invasive surgery; n(%) | 1864(33.5) | 652(35.2) | 0.183 | 641(34.6) | 652(35.2) | 0.013 | 0.730 |
| General anesthesia; n(%) | 5071(91.1) | 1760(95.0) | <0.0001 | 1758(94.9) | 1760(95) | 0.005 | 0.940 |
| Cardiovascular system disorder; n(%) | 1367(24.6) | 508(27.4) | 0.014 | 496(26.8) | 508(27.4) | 0.015 | 0.684 |
| Respiratory system disorder; n(%) | 1213(21.8) | 325(17.5) | <0.0001 | 340(18.3) | 325(17.5) | 0.021 | 0.550 |
| Urinary system disorder; n(%) | 1046(18.8) | 378(20.4) | 0.129 | 373(20.1) | 378(20.4) | 0.007 | 0.870 |
| Digestive system disorder; n(%) | 1463(26.3) | 465(25.1) | 0.310 | 487(26.3) | 465(25.1) | 0.027 | 0.430 |
| Nervous system disorder; n(%) | 861(15.5) | 215(11.6) | <0.0001 | 198(10.7) | 215(11.6) | 0.029 | 0.404 |
| Hematological system disorder; n(%) | 241(4.3) | 73(3.9) | 0.469 | 92(5) | 73(3.9) | 0.050 | 0.152 |
| Received PCIA; n(%) | 2759(49.6) | 899(48.5) | 0.428 | 881(47.5) | 899(48.5) | 0.019 | 0.576 |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; OSAHS, Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; ENT, ear-nose-throat; PCIA, patient controls intravenous analgesia.