Sant'Anna 2015.

Methods	Single centre, randomised controlled cross‐over trial in Canada.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: infants < 1250 grams; receiving invasive mechanical ventilation; undergoing first extubation. Exclusion criteria: major congenital anomalies; congenital heart defects; neuromuscular disease; diaphragmatic paralysis or palsy; diagnosed phrenic nerve injury; oesophageal perforation; haemodynamic instability; infants on narcotic or sedative agents.
Interventions	Total n = 30. Group 1: nCPAP (cross‐over details unclear). Group 2: NIPPV (cross‐over details unclear). Group 3: NIV‐NAVA (cross‐over details unclear). Infants randomised to receive nCPAP, NIPPV or NIV‐NAVA mode of ventilation for 30 minutes on each mode with a 10‐minute washout period.
Outcomes	Primary outcome: multiple cardiorespiratory parameters (derived from clinical and ventilator parameters). Secondary outcomes: trigger delay, cycling off delay, number of breaths with premature cycling off, AI, wasted inspiratory efforts, relationship and proportionality between ventilator assist and patient respiratory demand.
Notes	Results presented at Pediatric Academic Societies 2019; awaiting full publication.

AI: asynchrony index

BPD: bronchopulomary dysplasia

IL: interleukin

IVH: intraventricular haemorrhage

NAVA: neurally‐assisted ventilatory assist

nCPAP: nasal continuous positive airway pressure

NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis

NIPPV: non‐invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation

NIV‐NAVA: non‐invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist

PIP: peak inspiratory pressure

PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure

PVL: periventricular leukomalacia

RDS: respiratory distress syndrome

ROP: retinopathy of prematurity

SiPAP: synchronised positive airay pressure

TNF: tumour necrosis factor