Table II.
Primary outcomes for pain, range of motion, and patient-reported outcome scores
| Shoulders, n: Pre, Post, Δ | Outcome | Preoperative | Postoperative | Change† | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | ||||||
| HA-fracture | 1, 1, 1 | CS | 2.9 (2.9) | 10.0 | 9.1 | 1.000 |
| 3, 3, 3 | ASES | 14.0 (3.8) | 33.5 (5.0) | 19.5 (2.7) | .250 | |
| 4, 6, 4 | VAS | 5.7 (2.4) | 4.1 (2.4) | −1.2 (4.9) | .875 | |
| HA-other | 2, 4, 4 | CS | 4.2 (2.8) | 11.4 (0.3) | 7.1 (3.1) | .125 |
| 4, 4, 4 | ASES | 13.1 (7.4) | 22.8 (12.7) | 9.6 (11.9) | .375 | |
| 4, 8, 4 | VAS | 6.8 (2.2) | 4.4 (3.0) | −3.1 (5.8) | .375 | |
| TSA | 3, 3, 3 | CS | 4.2 (1.3) | 11.4 (0.5) | 7.1 (1.8) | .250 |
| 2, 2, 2 | ASES | 20.8 (5.8) | 33.0 (13.3) | 12.2 (7.4) | .500 | |
| 5, 6, 5 | VAS | 6.5 (2.8) | 3.9 (3.2) | −2.9 (5.4) | .625 | |
| RSA | 0, 0, 0 | CS | — | — | — | — |
| 1, 1, 1 | ASES | 12.0 | 37.0 | 25.0 | 1.000 | |
| 3, 4, 3 | VAS | 5.6 (2.8) | 5.9 (4.0) | −1.1 (6.3) | 1.000 | |
| ORIF | 2, 1, 1 | CS | 4.5 (3.4) | 12.0 | 5.0 | 1.000 |
| 1, 1, 1 | ASES | 7.0 | 12.0 | 5.0 | 1.000 | |
| 4, 4, 4 | VAS | 5.9 (2.7) | 5.5 (2.7) | −0.4 (5.5) | 1.000 | |
| STR | 1, 1, 1 | CS | 3.2 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 1.000 |
| 2, 2, 2 | ASES | 17.3 (2.3) | 35.9 (5.5) | 18.5 (3.1) | .500 | |
| 2, 4, 2 | VAS | 4.7 (3.8) | 3.8 (3.4) | 0.1 (8.8) | 1.000 | |
| Range of motion | ||||||
| HA-fracture | 12, 13, 11 | Forward elevation | 50.1 (22.0) | 101.1 (23.6) | 56.3 (18.9) | <.001∗ |
| 6, 9, 6 | External rotation | 10.5 (4.2) | 15.9 (11.4) | 8.7 (13.0) | .125 | |
| 4, 5, 3 | Internal rotation | 2.8 (1.3) | 5.26 (1.30) | 2.6 (1.1) | .250 | |
| 9, 9, 8 | Abduction | 46.4 (24.2) | 87.50 (11.06) | 47.2 (10.2) | .008∗ | |
| HA-other | 9, 8, 8 | Forward elevation | 64.2 (23.9) | 114.1 (40.3) | 53.1 (22.0) | .008∗ |
| 8, 6, 6 | External rotation | 17.7 (16.0) | 31.4 (31.7) | 20.1 (35.9) | .219 | |
| 6, 5, 5 | Internal rotation | 2.6 (1.9) | 3.8 (2.2) | 0.8 (3.1) | .688 | |
| 10, 9, 9 | Abduction | 48.7 (11.0) | 96.7 (31.6) | 49.2 (37.2) | .004∗ | |
| TSA | 9, 8, 5 | Forward elevation | 62.6 (20.7) | 118.6 (24.9) | 53.1 (35.3) | .063 |
| 6, 6, 5 | External rotation | 17.4 (7.4) | 26.5 (16.1) | 7.8 (23.3) | .438 | |
| 4, 4, 3 | Internal rotation | 3.1 (1.6) | 5.25 (0.96) | 2.1 (2.1) | .500 | |
| 7, 6, 4 | Abduction | 58.8 (25.0) | 90. (18.5) | 27.9 (24.3) | .125 | |
| RSA | 5, 5, 5 | Forward elevation | 43.6 (12.1) | 89.7 (47.7) | 46.1 (46.4) | .125 |
| 3, 3, 3 | External rotation | −1.5 (16.0) | −3.0 (49.4) | −1.5 (33.4) | 1.000 | |
| 3, 3, 3 | Internal rotation | 2.0 (1.7) | 3.0 (2.6) | 1.0 (2.6) | 1.000 | |
| 4, 4, 4 | Abduction | 37.5 (10.3) | 68.5 (37.6) | 31.0 (35.2) | .250 | |
| ORIF | 7, 8, 6 | Forward elevation | 64.7 (28.1) | 113.4 (15.8) | 61.0 (20.2) | .031∗ |
| 6, 7, 5 | External rotation | 5.9 (5.5) | 22.3 (11.6) | 17.8 (17.0) | .063 | |
| 5, 6, 4 | Internal rotation | 1.9 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.6) | .125 | |
| 4, 5, 4 | Abduction | 49.2 (19.9) | 90.0 (17.9) | 39.7 (7.5) | .125 | |
| STR | 6, 7, 6 | Forward elevation | 67.9 (20.6) | 127.1 (24.6) | 60.2 (21.2) | .031∗ |
| 7, 8, 7 | External rotation | 9.7 (17.7) | 27.8 (25.2) | 20.8 (17.9) | .016∗ | |
| 7, 5, 5 | Internal rotation | 3.1 (1.0) | 4.9 (1.4) | 1.3 (0.9) | .125 | |
| 4, 4, 4 | Abduction | 60.1 (16.0) | 110.7 (20.2) | 50.6 (29.4) | .125 | |
| Patient-reported outcome score | ||||||
| HA-fracture | 4, 6, 4 | ASES | 24.6 (5.0) | 58.0 (8.2) | 33.4 (5.7) | .125 |
| 6, 8, 6 | SST | 4.7 (8.9) | 10.6 (16.4) | 7.1 (10.2) | .031∗ | |
| 7, 10, 7 | CSS | 18.6 (8.9) | 49.2 (11.7) | 31.1 (7.3) | .016∗ | |
| HA-other | 5, 6, 5 | ASES | 24.9 (3.9) | 44.6 (21.2) | 17.4 (20.5) | .188 |
| 4, 2, 2 | SST | 1.0 (0.8) | 2.7 (2.0) | 1.7 (2.0) | .500 | |
| 6, 6, 6 | CSS | 20.9 (9.0) | 52.4 (15.0) | 31.5 (12.6) | .031∗ | |
| TSA | 4, 8, 3 | ASES | 25.1 (10.1) | 58.0 (15.0) | 35.2 (27.5) | .250 |
| 2, 2, 1 | SST | 1.3 (1.3) | 6.0 (7.2) | −1.4 | 1.000 | |
| 7, 8, 7 | CSS | 25.2 (9.8) | 57.1 (13.9) | 33.7 (12.4) | .016∗ | |
| RSA | 3, 5, 3 | ASES | 16.9 (14.9) | 45.8 (27.8) | 26.5 (24.0) | .500 |
| 3, 5, 3 | SST | 1.4 (1.2) | 15.4 (19.0) | 2.2 (2.1) | .500 | |
| 4, 4, 4 | CSS | 31.8 (9.5) | 55.1 (15.4) | 23.2 (16.4) | .125 | |
| ORIF | 2, 4, 2 | ASES | 26.2 (2.1) | 57.4 (5.3) | 30.3 (11.3) | .500 |
| 2, 4, 2 | SST | 2.8 (3.0) | 5.5 (1.8) | 1.2 (1.7) | 1.000 | |
| 7, 7, 5 | CSS | 27.4 (17.5) | 54.4 (10.3) | 33.2 (3.8) | .063 | |
| STR | 2, 4, 2 | ASES | 16.5 (19.3) | 62.2 (10.5) | 44.4 (35.9) | .500 |
| 3, 4, 3 | SST | 1.5 (0.4) | 5.7 (2.0) | 4.1 (2.0) | .250 | |
| 4, 4, 3 | CSS | 29.5 (16.9) | 68.9 (13.3) | 35.2 (8.9) | .250 |
Pre, preoperative; Post, postoperative; HA-fracture, hemiarthroplasty for fracture; CS, Constant score for pain; ASES, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score; VAS, visual analog scale score; HA-other, hemiarthroplasty for other indications; TSA, total shoulder arthroplasty; RSA, reverse shoulder arthroplasty; ORIF, open reduction and internal fixation; STR, soft-tissue repair; SST, Simple Shoulder Test score; CSS, Constant shoulder score.
Data represent the calculated mean (standard deviation) pertaining to the preoperative values, postoperative values, and difference between preoperative and postoperative values postoperative values (i.e., change). It should be noted that the numbers of shoulders are grouped into 3 categories: preoperative, postoperative, and Δ (ie, the number of shoulders available to calculate a difference in the mean). Forward elevation, external rotation and abduction are recorded in degrees. Internal rotation is recorded as the highest vertebral level that the patient can reach with the thumb extended and is reported on a 1 to 6 scale. A dash indicates either the pain scoring system and/or outcome score listed was not used or there were insufficient data to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and P value.
Significant P value.
The difference between preoperative and postoperative values.