Table 1.

Summary of neurological symptoms in neurological and peroxisomal disorders that arise as a result of peroxisomal dysfunction.

Neurological disorder	Peroxisomal protein/function affected	Neurological result
Alzheimer disease	Plasmalogen production	Lowered plasmalogens in the brain, increase in peroxisomal density and VLCAS in gyrus frontalis; peroxisome loss correlated with tau (Santos et al., 2005; Kou et al., 2011)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)	D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) enzyme	DAO inactivity; increase in D-serine (Kondori et al., 2017, 2018)
Oxaliplatin neuropathy models	Catalase expression and amount	Lipid peroxidation; neuropathic phenotype in an animal model (Zanardelli et al., 2014)
Post-stroke dementia	D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) enzyme	Increase in DAO in patient plasma levels (Chen et al., 2019)∣rule
Peroxisomal disorder	Peroxisomal gene affected	Neurological result
Adult Refsum disease	PHYH	Phytanic acid buildup, anosmia, polyneuropathy, hearing and vision loss (Wanders et al., 2011; Wanders and Poll-The, 2017; Gettelfinger and Dahl, 2018)
Infantile Refsum disease	PEX1, PEX3, PEX6, PEX12, PEX26	Phytanic acid buildup, hypomyelination, hearing and vision loss, polyneuropathy (Warren et al., 2018)
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy	PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX10, PEX11β, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX26	Buildup of VLCFAs, seizures, hearing loss, neuropathy (Aubourg et al., 1986)
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata	PEX7; PEX5 (short isoform)	Epilepsy, seizures, cataracts, neuroregression (Purdue et al., 1999; Malheiro et al., 2015; Landino et al., 2017)
Zellweger syndrome	PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX10, PEX11β, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX26	Limited neuronal migration, issues with myelination and brain development (Waterham and Ebberink, 2012; Klouwer et al., 2015)