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. 2020 Mar 10;7:34. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00034

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Signaling via the non-canonical pathway of TGF-β. AKT, protein kinase B; ALK5, activin receptor-like kinase 5; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun amino terminal kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; Par6, partitioning-defective 6; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; p38, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; Raf, Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; Ras, Ras GTPase; RhoA, Ras homolog gene family member A; Smurf1, SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; S6K, phosphorylation of S6 kinase; TAK1, TGF-β-activated kinase 1; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; TβRI, TGF-β receptor type I; TβRII, TGF-β receptor type II.