Fig. 5. Group and Nicotine effects on neural activity during the Go-Nogo task.

a Smokers show hypoactivation of right anterior insula and right putamen during correct inhibition of a prepotent response compared to non-smokers. b Across groups, nicotine lowered inhibition-related activity in the superior frontal gyrus (pre-SMA/dACC). Both panels: Activations of FWE corrected within the mask of interest (alpha < 0.05, voxel-wise p < 0.01, cluster size 24 voxels). Extracted regression weights and error bars (SEM) presented to aid interpretation only; no statistical inference should be drawn. Radiological orientation: right is presented on the left.