Table 1.

Factors contributing to altered bone health in IBD patients

General factors
Low intake of calcium   Decreased vitamin D concentrations   Low magnesium and potassium concentrations   Metabolic acidosis   Low peak bone mass   Low body mass index   Decreased physical activity   Smoking   Excessive alcohol consumption
IBD-associated factors
IBD therapy	Corticosteroids (detrimental)
	Anti-TNF therapy (beneficial)
IBD-specific factors	Sex hormone deficiency
	Low body mass index/peak bone mass
Gastrointestinal damage	Intestinal insufficiency (short bowel syndrome)
	Intestinal leakage
Inflammatory processes underlying IBD	Cytokine and other immunological networks in disbalance