TABLE 1.

Functions of BMP signaling in the development of cranial bones.

Gene	Model	Defects	References
BMP2	Wnt1-Cre	Smaller craniofacial bones	Chen et al., 2019c
BMP2/BMP4	Wnt1-Cre	Defective skull and dural cerebral veins	Tischfield et al., 2017
BMPRIA	Wnt1-Cre	Defective temporomandibular joint	Gu et al., 2014
enhanced BMPRIA	Wnt1-Cre	Inhibitory osteogenesis	Gu et al., 2014
BMP7	Wnt1-Cre	Alteration of oral cavity morphology	Kouskoura et al., 2013
BMP7/BMP4	Mef2c-Cre	Defective mesenchymal transition	Bai et al., 2013
BMPRIA	P0-Cre	Wide-open anterior fontanelles	Saito et al., 2012
BMPRIA	Pax3-Cre	Reduction in neural-crest cells	Stottmann and Klingensmith, 2011
BMPRIA	Wnt1-Cre	Post-migratory development of a subset of NCC derivative cell types	Stottmann and Klingensmith, 2011
Smad1	Col2a1-Cre	Defective calvarial bone	Wang et al., 2011
Smad4	Wnt1-Cre	Defective mid-gestation	Nie et al., 2008
Smad4	Wnt1-Cre	Underdevelopment of branchial arch	Ko et al., 2007
ALK2	Wnt1-Cre	Impaired neural-crest cells	Kaartinen et al., 2004
ALK2	Wnt1-Cre	Multiple craniofacial defects	Dudas et al., 2004
BMPRII	Prx1-Cre	Normal skeletons	Gamer et al., 2011
BMPRIA	Dermo1-Cre	Defective ventral body wall formation	Sun et al., 2007