TABLE 3.

Calvarial injury model and stem-niches used in cranial bone regeneration.

Suture cells	Injury model	Progeny expression	Bone regeneration	References
Gli1+ cells	Rectangular defect crossing the sagittal suture	Bmpr1a loss in Gli1+ cells	Disrupted osteoclastogenic activity, severely impaired	Guo et al., 2018
Gli1+ cells	Calvarial injury to bone (1 m mice)	Detectable in Gli1+ in 2 weeks	Strongly labeled Gli1+ cells in a month	Park et al., 2016
Suture transplantation	Suture injury	Detectable on the surfaces of the transplants in 1 week	Bone regeneration in 1 month	Park et al., 2016
Suture stem cells	2 mm2 defect in mice centered at the sagittal suture	Significant injury closure in 2 weeks	Complete recovery in 4 weeks	Park et al., 2016
Suture stem cells	2 × 5 mm removal of sagittal suture	Newly formed bone in 3 weeks	Complete recovery in 6 weeks	Park et al., 2016
Gli1+ cells	2 mm2 defects in parietal bone (1 mm to sagittal suture)	Gli1+ cells detectable in 2 weeks	∼50% healing of injury in 4 weeks	Park et al., 2016
Suture stem cells	2 mm2 defects in parietal bone (0.5 mm to sagittal suture)		∼80% healing of injury in 4 weeks	Park et al., 2016
Suture stem cells	4 mm2 in rabbit parietal bone or at the sagittal suture		Suture injuries healed in 1 month	Park et al., 2016
Gli1+ cells	Ablation in Gli1+ cells	Most sutures patent in 1 month	Growth arrest and compromised repair in 2 months	Zhao et al., 2015
Prx1+ cells	2 mm2 in mouse frontal and parietal bone	Detectable in 10 days	New bone formed in 4 weeks	Wilk et al., 2017
Axin2+ cells	1.4 mm2 in mouse parietal bone	∼46% residing cells at the injury site in 4 weeks	∼98% derivative cells	Maruyama et al., 2016