Table 1.
Proximate, ultimate and calorific value characteristics of the raw and torrefied biomass.
| Sample | MC (%) | VM (%) | AC (%) | FC (%) | C (%) | H (%) | N (%) | S (%) | O (%) | CV (MJ/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tw | 7.23 | 79.26 | 1.73 | 11.73 | 47.84 | 6.09 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 43.69 | 18.71 |
| 220 | 4.00 | 75.53 | 1.76 | 18.71 | 49.20 | 6.00 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 42.45 | 19.97 |
| 240 | 3.22 | 74.98 | 1.79 | 20.02 | 54.78 | 5.95 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 37.11 | 21.68 |
| 260 | 2.74 | 54.20 | 1.78 | 41.28 | 60.40 | 5.67 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 31.56 | 23.61 |
| 280 | 2.60 | 50.22 | 1.77 | 45.41 | 62.33 | 5.53 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 29.81 | 24.64 |
| 300 | 2.56 | 47.08 | 2.05 | 48.32 | 63.99 | 5.29 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 27.51 | 26.44 |
| 320 | 2.01 | 40.04 | 2.00 | 55.95 | 68.70 | 4.86 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 23.89 | 28.86 |
| Mw | 7.52 | 81.42 | 2.15 | 8.92 | 47.09 | 6.65 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 43.54 | 18.37 |
| 220 | 3.88 | 76.22 | 2.17 | 17.73 | 50.11 | 6.20 | 0.38 | 0.22 | 40.92 | 20.03 |
| 240 | 3.01 | 71.89 | 2.17 | 22.89 | 53.86 | 6.03 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 38.35 | 21.07 |
| 260 | 2.68 | 54.09 | 2.17 | 41.06 | 66.05 | 5.18 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 26.02 | 23.44 |
| 280 | 2.60 | 46.33 | 2.18 | 48.89 | 68.86 | 5.01 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 23.39 | 25.25 |
| 300 | 2.53 | 34.64 | 2.29 | 60.55 | 72.04 | 4.74 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 19.67 | 29.09 |
| 320 | 1.15 | 26.86 | 2.17 | 69.82 | 75.34 | 4.02 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 17.94 | 31.08 |