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. 2020 Mar 10;11:118. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00118

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Copyright © 2020 Bast-Habersbrunner and Fromme.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Active regulation of free purine nucleotides upon adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes. Norepinephrine (NE) stimulation of brown adipocytes mediates activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) via increasing free fatty acid and decreasing free purine nucleotide levels. Lipolytic release of free fatty acids occurs in response to G_s-coupled β₃-adrenergic receptor activation. The pool of free purine nucleotides is regulated via complexation and degradation mediated by G_q-coupled α₁-adrenergic receptor signaling. Phospholipase C (PLC), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), adenylyl cyclase (AC), protein kinase A (PKA), AMP deaminase (AMPD), GMP reductase (GMPR), inosine monophosphate (IMP), adenosine mono-/di-/triphosphate (AMP/ADP/ATP), guanosine mono-/di-/triphosphate (GMP/GDP/GTP). Black arrows represent established signaling pathways, gray box and arrows indicate hypothetical pathways.