Table 3.
Results of linear models for all traits in the total Phaseolus dataset.
| Trait | Lifespan | Cultivation | Species | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | Seed weight | F 1 = 99.07*** | F 2 = 38.11*** | F 7 = 1.28 | |||
| Seed length† | F 1 = 162.81*** | F 2 = 69.20*** | F 7 = 3.59** | ||||
| Seed area† | F 1 = 124.61*** | F 2 = 41.76*** | F 7 = 1.47 | ||||
| Trait | Lifespan | Cultivation | Species | Seed age | Soak time | Seed quality | |
| (b) | Germination proportion | F 1 = 3.10 | F 2 = 3.15* | F 7 = 1.84 | F 1 = 2.43 | F 1 = 1.72 | F 1 = 13.69*** |
| Trait | Lifespan | Cultivation | Species | Health | |||
| (c) | Stem diameter | F 1 = 4.03 | F 2 = 36.82*** | F 6 = 3.44** | F 1 = 0.24 | ||
| Node number | F 1 = 20.00*** | F 2 = 7.13** | F 6 = 4.99*** | F 1 = 17.53*** | |||
| Stem height | F 1 = 1.94 | F 2 = 2.22 | F 6 = 1.51 | F 1 = 10.99** | |||
| Trait | Lifespan | Cultivation | Species | Health | Reproductive status | Outdoor proportion | |
| (d) | Shoot dry mass | F 1 = 21.25*** | F 2 = 18.71*** | F 6 = 2.43* | F 1 = 2.08 | F 1 = 1.80 | F 1 = 5.00* |
| Root dry mass | F 1 = 11.80** | F 2 = 10.53*** | F 6 = 1.37 | F 1 = 8.35** | F 1 = 3.57 | F 1 = 0.69 | |
| Total dry mass | F 1 = 14.44*** | F 2 = 14.47*** | F 6 = 2.02 | F 1 = 7.33** | F 1 = 3.49 | F 1 = 0.43 | |
| Root mass fraction | F 1 = 3.33 | F 2 = 4.92* | F 6 = 4.89*** | F 1 = 13.89*** | F 1 = 0.09 | F 1 = 4.15* |
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
†Differences in image resolution (640x360 or 1349×748 pixels) were accounted for in this model: F values were nonsignificant (0.0566 for seed length and 0.8301 for seed area).
Letters denote separate models with different covariates, while the main effects are the same for all traits: (a) seed size traits, (b) germination proportion, (c) early vegetative growth traits, and (d) biomass traits. See the Methods for explanations of each covariate.