TABLE 2.
Cardiac-enriched ncRNAs regulate MI.
| ncRNAs | Regulated by exercise | Functions | Main modulation mechanisms | References |
| miR-1 | Controversial | Inhibit apoptosis, promote cardiomyogenic differentiation | Activate PTEN/AKT pathway and improve transplanted MSC survival rate | Glass and Singla, 2011; Huang et al., 2013 |
| miR-133 | Controversial | Attenuate cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis, promote angiogenesis and cardiomyocytes proliferation | Inhibit pro-apoptotic genes DAPK2 expression, improve transplanted MSC survival rate | Izarra et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2017 |
| miR-208 | Downregulate | Aggravate cardiac fibrosis, promote apoptosis | Induce apoptosis through regulation of target gene Ets1, directly proportional to β-MHC and cardiac collagen capacity | Bian et al., 2015 |
| miR-499 | Upregulate | Inhibit cell apoptosis | Inhibit mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, inhibit pro-apoptotic gene Dyrk2, reduce the dephosphorylation of Drp1 and the accumulation of Drp1 in mitochondria | Wang et al., 2011, 2014 |
| miR-126 | Upregulate | Promote angiogenesis, maintain vascular wall integrity | Inhibit its target gene Spred1 | Guo et al., 2018 |
| miR-21 | Upregulate | Inhibit fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis | Inhibit its target gene Jagged1, inhibit KBTBD7, p38 and NF-κB pathway and TNF-α induced apoptosis | Wang Z.H. et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018; Zhou X.L. et al., 2018 |
| lncRNA H19 | Normalized H19 gene methylation | Reduce necrosis and cardiac remodeling, enhance angiogenesis, activate autophagy | Target to miR-103/107, miR-139, and miR-675-5p, respectively | Wang et al., 2015; Gong et al., 2017; Huang P. et al., 2019 |
| lncRNA MALAT1 | Upregulate | Promote angiogenesis, cells proliferation and autophagy, inhibit apoptosis, increase cardiac fibrosis | Sponge miR-558, miR-145, and miR-200a-3p, respectively | Guo et al., 2019; Huang S. et al., 2019; Sun and Zhang, 2019 |
DAPK2, death associated protein kinase 2; Drp1, dynamin-related protein-1; KBTBD7, kelch repeat and BTB (POZ) domain containing 7; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MI, myocardial infarction; miR, microRNA; MALAT1, metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.