Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Region, Country | Samples size(Case/HC) | Gender (Male/All, Case) | Mean age(Case/HC) | Mean disease duration (year) | Mean PANSS score | Sample source | Stratification or Type | Assay type | Medication | Serum, NSE Concentrations ( ± S) (Case/HC, ng/ml) | CSF, NSE Concentrations ( ± S) (Case/HC, ng/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caixia and Fu (2003) | Shandong, China | 11/22 | 7/11 | 4.2/4.6 | NA | NA | Serum | Generalized seizures | RIA | NA | 17.45 ± 10.10/6.46 ± 3.35 | NA |
| Xiuqin et al. (2004) | Shandong, China | 23/23 | 13/23 | 6.15/NA | NA | NA | Serum | Generalized seizures | RIA | NA | 7.89 ± 2.36/4.96 ± 2.87 | NA |
| Fang and Zhen-Ling (2005) | Guangxi, China | 27/27 | 19/27 | 5.5/NA | NA | NA | Serum | NA | ELISA | NA | 21.18 ± 8.77/8.34 ± 2.79 | NA |
| Hui et al. (2006) | Jiangsu, China | 22/20 | 12/22 | 4.3/5.0 | NA | NA | Serum | NA | ELISA | NA | 22.12 ± 10.22/7.90 ± 1.85 | NA |
| Fenhua et al. (2008) | Jiangsu, China | 22/28/20 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | 12/22,17/28 (Epileptic seizure, Non-epileptic seizure) | 0.5-12/0.83-12/0.33-8 (Epileptic seizure/ Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA | NA | Serum | Generalized Seizures, Epileptic seizure group/Non-epileptic seizure group | ELISA | NA | 22.12 ± 10.22/9.72 ± 4.06/7.90 ± 1.85(Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA |
| Yunhong and Yinsheng (2013) | Shanxi, China | 38/40/40 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | 22/38, 25/40(Epileptic seizure,Non-epileptic seizure) | 7.3 ± 2.5/4.3 ± 2.0/7.2 ± 3.6 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | 3.0 ± 1.5/2.0 ± 0.5/NA(Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA | Serum | Epileptic seizure group/Non-seizure group | ELISA | NA | 13.8 ± 5.5/ 7.8 ± 0.8/7.4 ± 1.5(Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA |
| Xiuxiu et al. (2010) | Jiangsu, China | 10/12/20 (Absence seizures/Non-seizure/HC) | 7/22, 8/20 (Absence seizures/Non-seizure) | 7.9 ± 2.8/7.7 ± 2.4/NA (Absence seizures/Non-seizure/HC) | 6.9 ± 2.2 | NA | Serum | Generalized seizures-Absence seizures/ Non-seizure group | ELISA | NA | 11.65 ± 0.85/7.29 ± 0.88/7.40 ± 1.39(Absence seizures/Non-seizure/HC) | NA |
| Hanbing et al. (2011) | Guangdong, China | 95/90 | 54/95 | 7.31 ± 3.52/7.26 ± 3.24 | 0.08-8 | NA | Serum | NA | ELISA | NA | 8.96 ± 2.58/21.14 ± 7.87 | NA |
| Xinhe (2013) | Jiangxi, China | 25/25/25 (Epileptic seizure/Non-seizure/HC) | 11/25,10/25 (Epileptic seizure/Non-seizure) | 4.5 ± 3.5/3.6 ± 3.1/5.5 ± 2.5 (Epileptic seizure/Non-seizure/HC) | 3.0 ± 2.5/3.3 ± 2.4/NA(Epileptic seizure/Non-seizure/HC) | NA | Serum | Epileptic seizure group/Non-seizure group | ELISA | NA | 13.8 ± 5.5/7.8 ± 0.8/7.4 ± 1.5(Epileptic seizure/Non-seizure/HC) | NA |
| Lei (2014) | Liaoning, China | 65/65 | 36/65 | 8.4 ± 0.9/8.3 ± 1.0 | NA | NA | Serum | NA | ELISA | NA | 1.25 ± 0.16/0.75 ± 0.10 | NA |
| Weihong et al. (2015) | Hebei, China | 40/42/40 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | 24/40,27/42 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure) | 0.08-1/0.21-1/0.13-1 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA | NA | Serum | Generalized or Focal Seizures, Epileptic seizure group/Non-epileptic seizure group | ELISA | NA | 20.14 ± 6.37/8.61 ± 2.52/7.45 ± 1.91(Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA |
| Weihong et al. (2016) | Hubei, China | 48/40/45(Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | 32/48, 24/40Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure) | 0.08-1/0.21-1/0.13-1 (Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA | NA | Serum | Epileptic seizure group/Non-epileptic seizure group | ELISA | NA | 21.45 ± 5.87/16.21 ± 3.86/7.90 ± 1.85(Epileptic seizure/Non-epileptic seizure/HC) | NA |
| Guang (2018) | Gansu, China | 120/120 | 68/120 | 5.6 ± 1.1/5.8 ± 1.4 | 0.98 ± 0.14 | NA | Serum | NA | ELISA | NA | 20.35 ± 8.91/7.11 ± 1.19 | NA |
| Chun et al. (2012) | Guangdong, China | 64/64 | 43/64 | 9.56 ± 3.84, 8.66 ± 2.52 | NA | NA | Serum | Generalized or Focal seizures | ECLIA | NA | 29.84 ± 5.53/ 8.81 ± 3.90 | NA |
| Wei et al. (2007) | Zhejiang, China | 28/34/30 (Serious/Mild/HC) | 20/8, 25/9(Serious/Mild) | 4.1/ 4.3/4.2(Serious/Mild/HC) | NA | NA | Serum/CSF | Serious/Mild | ECLIA | NA | 19.03 ± 4.35/14.87 ± 3. 99/10.6 ± 2.37(Serious/Mild/HC) | 10.85 ± 2.44/7.96 ± 2.31/3.94 ± 1.54(Serious/Mild/HC) |
| Xu-lai et al. (2004) | Zhejiang, China | 31/38 | 25/6 | 4.3/4.1 | NA | NA | Serum/CSF | Generalized Seizures, Serious/Mild | ECLIA | NA | 18.73 ± 7.84/11.31 ± 2.01 | 10.16 ± 3.75/3.94 ± 2.00 |
| Qin and Guang-qian (2006) | Zhejiang, China | 20/38 | 14/20 | 4.1/4.1 | NA | NA | Serum/CSF | Generalized Seizures/Focal Seizures/ unknown | ECLIA | NA | 15.01 ± 5.14/10.33 ± 2.48 | 7.84 ± 2.62/3.95 ± 1.58 |
| Guangqian et al. (2004) | Zhejiang, China | 31/38 | 25/31 | 4.3 ± 3.1/4.1 ± 2.8 | NA | NA | Serum/CSF | Generalized Onset Seizures: | ECLIA | NA | 18.80 ± 6.93/10.33 ± 2.48 | 10.47 ± 4.18/3.95 ± 1.58 |
| Shuhong et al. (2006) | Liaoning, China | 25/23 | 16/25 | 3.5/4.7 | NA | NA | Serum/CSF | NA | ELISA | NA | 21.03 ± 7.73/ 9.13 ± 2.15 | 13.57 ± 0.19/ 3.94 ± 2.10 |
| Zhijuan et al. (2018) | Beijing, China | 39/34 | 22/39 | 7-14/8−14 | NA | NA | Serum/CSF | NA | ELISA | 24.51 ± 3.95/ 8.69 ± 1.04 | 18.79 ± 2.52/7.59 ± 0.95 | |
| Shi et al. (2017) | Zhejiang, China | 19/31/35/30 (Severe /Moderate /Light /HC) | 11/8, 20/11, 18/17(Severe. Moderate. Light) | 4.5/4.1/4.2/4.2 (Severe /Moderate /Light /HC) | NA | NA | CSF | Severe/Moderate/Light | ECLIA | NA | NA | 12.5 ± 2.45/ 9.10 ± 2.11/ 7.96 ± 2.27/ 3.94 ± 1.54(Severe /Moderate /Light /HC) |
| Gurnett et al. (2003) | Missouri, America | 52/33 | NA | 3.91 ± 4.75/5.08 ± 5.5 | NA | NA | CSF | Generalized or Focall seizures | RIA | NA | NA | 9.4 ± 18.7/6.9 ± 2.3 |
| Miyata et al. (2012) | Japan | 6/6 | 2/4 | 1-13/0.92-8 | NA | NA | CSF | NA | ELISA | NA | NA | 8.3 ± 5.2/ 8.6 ± 4.1 |
| RodrõÂguez-NuÂnÄeza et al. (2000) | Santiago de Compostela, Spain | 73/17/160(SFS/ CFS /HC) | 48/25, 7/10(SFS, CFS) | 1-5/0.33-5/1-13 (SFS/ CFS /HC) | NA | NA | CSF | SFS/ CFS | EIA | NA | NA | 2.01 ± 2.02/1.31 ± 1.29/1.52 ± 1.01(SFS/ CFS /HC) |
| Tanuma et al. (2010) | Japan | 11/31 | NA | 1.4 ± 0.7/3.5 ± 5.4 | NA | NA | CSF | AESD | ELISA | NA | NA | 15.1 ± 10.15/10.4 ± 3.94 |
| Wong et al. (2002) | Washington, America | 49/39 | NA | 4.6 ± 5.23/4.85 ± 5.42 | NA | NA | CSF | Generalized or Focal seizures | RIA | NA | NA | 9.5 ± 18.9/6.9 ± 2.3 |
NSE, Neuron-specific enolase; HC, Healthy controls; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; ECLIA, Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; RIA, Radioimmunoassay; EIA, Enzyme immunoassay; ± S, , Mean of Concentrations; S=SD, standard deviation; CSF, Cerebrospinal Fluid; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale; NA, Not available; SFS, Simple febrile seizures; CFS, Complex or complicated febrile seizures.
Extracted data included region (country), publication year, sample size, mean age, sex (male %), sample source, stratification of seizure type, assay type, medication, and disease duration for potential moderator analyses.