Table 3.
Socioeconomic status-adjusted ORs of underweight and overweight for various child, household and maternal factors
| ORs (95% CI)* | ||||||||||
| Bangladesh | India | Maldives | Nepal | Pakistan | ||||||
| Underweight | Overweight | Underweight | Overweight | Underweight | Overweight | Underweight | Overweight | Underweight | Overweight | |
| Child’s variables | ||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Female | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.9) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 2–3 years | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| 3–4 years | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) | 2.6 (1.1 to 6.5) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) |
| 4–5 years | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 1.5 (0.6 to 4.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) |
| Received vitamin A in last 6 months | ||||||||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.1) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.0) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 1.1 (0.3 to 3.8) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.6) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) |
| Received deworming drug in last 6 months | ||||||||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.3) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.6) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) |
| Household variables | ||||||||||
| Area of residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Rural | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.9 to 0.9) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.2) | 0.4 (0.2 to 1.0) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.6) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) |
| Improved access to sanitation | ||||||||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.1) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.8 (0.8 to 0.8) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 1.5 (0.4 to 4.8) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.5) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| Improved access to drinking water | ||||||||||
| No | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.7) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.7) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.7) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) |
| No. of children under five | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 1.1 (1.1 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) |
| Maternal variables | ||||||||||
| Mother's age at first birth | ||||||||||
| Less than 20 years | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.0) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) |
| 20–24 years | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| 25 years or more | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.3) | 0.8 (0.8 to 0.8) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 0.5 (0.1 to 2.3) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) |
| Mother's BMI category | ||||||||||
| Normal weight | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Underweight | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 1.7 (1.7 to 1.8) | 0.5 (0.5 to 0.6) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.1) | 0.2 (0.1 to 1.0) | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.9) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.5) | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.8) |
| Overweight | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.0) | 0.6 (0.6 to 0.7) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) | 0.9 (0.3 to 2.2) | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.5) |
| Mother's height category | ||||||||||
| <145 cm | 3.2 (2.5 to 4.0) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.4) | 2.7 (2.5 to 2.8) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) | 4.6 (2.8 to 7.4) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) | 3.5 (2.3 to 5.3) | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.7) | 2.6 (1.6 to 4.0) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) |
| 145–149 cm | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.5) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 1.9 (1.8 to 2.0) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) | 2.1 (1.4 to 3.3) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.9) | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.0) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| 150–154 cm | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 1.4 (1.4 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.9) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.8) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) |
| 155 cm or more | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
*Logistic regression models were adjusted for household’s wealth index and highest education. Analyses were conducted using sampling weights provided by the Demographic and Health Survey and Stata’s survey estimation procedures.
BMI, body mass index.