Table 1. Characteristics of Study Populationa.
| Characteristic | No. (%) (N = 805) |
|---|---|
| Cohort | |
| BiB, UK | 104 (12.9) |
| EDEN, France | 143 (17.8) |
| INMA, Spain | 204 (25.3) |
| MoBa, Norway | 211 (26.2) |
| RHEA, Greece | 143 (17.8) |
| Parent | |
| Maternal fish intake during pregnancy, mean (SD), times/wk | 3.7 (3.3) |
| Frequency of fish intake during pregnancy | |
| Low (<1 time/wk) | 117 (14.5) |
| Moderate (≥1 to ≤3 times/wk) | 317 (39.4) |
| High (>3 times/wk) | 371 (46.1) |
| Maternal age, mean (SD), y | 31.3 (4.6) |
| Missing, No. (%) | 3 (0.4) |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI, mean (SD) | 24.0 (4.4) |
| Maternal prepregnancy weight | |
| Normal (BMI<25) | 552 (68.6) |
| Overweight (BMI≥25) | 243 (30.2) |
| Missing | 10 (1.2) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |
| No | 662 (82.2) |
| Yes | 131 (16.3) |
| Missing | 12 (1.5) |
| Gestational diabetes status | |
| No | 384 (47.7) |
| Yes | 41 (5.1) |
| Missing | 380 (47.2) |
| Maternal parity | |
| Primiparous | 368 (45.7) |
| Multiparous | 432 (53.7) |
| Missing | 5 (0.6) |
| Maternal educational level | |
| Low | 106 (13.2) |
| Medium | 283 (35.2) |
| High | 400 (49.7) |
| Missing | 16 (2.0) |
| Paternal educational level | |
| Low | 130 (16.1) |
| Medium | 294 (36.5) |
| High | 331 (41.1) |
| Missing | 50 (6.2) |
| Maternal mercury concentration, median (interquartile range), μg/L | 2.5 (1.5-4.2) |
| Child | |
| Age at assessment, mean (SD), y | 8.4 (1.5) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 453 (56.3) |
| Female | 352 (43.7) |
| Birth weight, mean (SD), g | 3347 (488) |
| Gestational age, mean (SD), wk | 39.7 (1.7) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 734 (91.2) |
| Asian | 55 (6.8) |
| Other | 16 (2.0) |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 59.3 (7.7) |
| HDL cholesterol level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 60.1 (12.5) |
| Triglyceride level, median (interquartile range), mg/dL | 75.3 (58.5-99.2) |
| Insulin level, median (interquartile range), μg/mL | 5.5 (4.2-8.5) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |
| Systolic | 100.5 (10.6) |
| Diastolic | 58.2 (9.4) |
| Metabolic syndrome score, mean (SD)b | −0.1 (2.3) |
Abbreviations: BiB, Born in Bradford study; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); EDEN, Etude des Determinants Pre et Postnatals du Developpement et de la Sante de l’Enfant study; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; INMA, Infancia y Medio Ambiente study; MoBa, Norwegian Mother, Father and Child study; RHEA, Rhea Mother-Child study.
SI conversion factors: To convert HDL cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; triglycerides from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113; and insulin from micromoles per milliliter to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945.
Continuous data are presented as means (SDs) if normally distributed or as medians (interquartile range) if not normally distributed.
The metabolic syndrome score (expressed in mean [SD]) was derived using z scores for waist circumference, HDL cholesterol level, triglyceride level, insulin level, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.