Table 2.
Roles of PTBP1 in various cancers
| Type of cancer | Mechanism | Function/effect | Reference |
| Melanoma | PTBP1/CD44v6 | Migration of melanoma brain metastasis | Marzese et al., 2015 |
| Hepatoma | miR137 and miR206/↓PTBP1/PKM1 | Negative effects related to tissue characteristics and carcinogenesis | Taniguchi et al., 2018 |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | ↓miR-133b/PAX3-FOXO1/PTBP1 and ↓miR-1 and ↓miR-133b/PTBP1 | Positive regulation of cancer-specific energy metabolism | Sugito et al., 2017 |
| Cervical cancer | HPV infection/PTBP1 | Promotion of DNA replication and cancer cell proliferation | Xu et al., 2019 |
| Acute myeloid leukemia with mutated nucleophosmin | PTBP1/PKM2/phosphorylation of Beclin-1 | Autophagic activation and cancer cell survival | Wang et al., 2019 |
| Anaplastic large cell lymphoma | PTBP1/PKM2/STAT3 | Transcription of genes involved in cell survival and proliferation, oncogenesis | Hwang et al., 2017 |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | AIC-47 and imatinib/↓PBTP1/↓PKM2 | Perturbation of energy metabolism | Shinohara et al., 2016 |
| Gastric cancer | miR-133b/↓PTBP1 | Negative regulation of the Warburg effect | Sugiyama et al., 2016 |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | PTBP1/SRSF3 | Overexpression of SRSF3, oncogenesis | Guo et al., 2015 |
| Ovarian cancer | (1) PTBP1/CDC42 (2) ↓OVAAL/PTBP1/p27 | (1) Filopodia formation, proliferation, invasiveness (2) Cellular senescence | He et al., 2015; Sang et al., 2018 |
| Bladder cancer | (1) miR-145/↓KLF4/↓PTBP1/↓PKMs (2) PTBP1/MEIS2/PKM2 | (1) Perturbation of the Warburg effect and inhibition of carcinogenesis (2) Lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, histological grade, and poor prognosis | Minami et al., 2017; Takai et al., 2017; Xie et al., 2019 |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | (1) Gemcitabine/PTBP1/PKM2 (2) Linc-ROR/↓miR-124/PTBP1/PKM2 | (1) Resistance to gemcitabine (2) Resistance to gemcitabine | Calabretta et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016 |
| Breast cancer | (1) PTBP1/PKM2 (2) PTBP1/PTEN-PI3K/Akt (3) PTBP1/FGFR1α/FGFR1β splicing | (1) Warburg effect, tumorigenesis, and transformation properties (2) Proliferation, invasion, and metastasis (3) Proliferation and migration | He et al., 2014; Ouyang et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2019 |
| Renal cell cancer | (1) PTBP1/PKM2 (2) ↓PTBP1/HIF-1α pathway | (1) Proliferation, migration, and invasion (2) Inhibit cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis | Jiang et al., 2017; Shan et al., 2018 |
| Glioblastoma | (1) ↓miR-124/PTBP1/ANXA7/EGFR (2) BAF45d/PTBP1 (3) PTBP1/USP5 (4) ↓CircSMARCA5/SRSF1/SRSF3/PTBP1 | (1) Glioblastoma progression (2) Malignant phenotype and undifferentiated cellular state (3) Oncogenesis (4) Invasion and migration | Izaguirre et al., 2012; Ferrarese et al., 2014; Aldave et al., 2018; Barbagallo et al., 2018 |
| Neuroblastoma | (1) MYCN/PTBP1/PKM2 (2) Hydrogen peroxide/PTBP1/sGC | (1) Proliferation, metastasis, and poor overall survival (2) Cellular adaptation to oxidative stress | Cote et al., 2012; Zhang SL et al., 2016 |
| Glioma | (1) PTBP1/RTN4 (2) PTBP1/IRES-like element/ADAR1 p110 | (1) Proliferation, invasion, and migration (2) Gliomagenesis and proliferation | Cheung et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2015 |
| Colorectal cancer | (1) ↓miR-1 and ↓miR-133b/PTBP1/PKM2 (2) DDX6/c-Myc/PTBP1 (3) PTBP1/ATG10/EMT-associated proteins (4) PTBP1/cortactin | (1) Warburg effect (2) Warburg effect (3) EMT, migration and invasion (4) Migration and invasion | Taniguchi et al., 2015, 2016; Jo et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017 |
| Colon cancer | (1) ELK1/MYC/PTBP1/RAS-MAPK (2) ↓TPBP1/TRAIL and ↓PTBP1/PKM2→PKM1 (3) Apigenin/↓PTBP1/↓PKM2 | (1) Tumorigenesis (2) Apoptosis and perturbation of the Warburg effect (3) Warburg effect and oncogenesis | Hollander et al., 2016; Kumazaki et al., 2016; Shan et al., 2017 |
PAX3: paired box 3; FOXO1: forkhead box protein O1; HPV: human papillomavirus; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; USP5: ubiquitin specific peptidase 5; CircSMARCA5: circular RNA SMARCA5; sGC: soluble guanylyl cyclase; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand