Table 3.

Reported ways for reducing the uptake of As by rice plants.

Decreasing of As Uptake	Method	Remarks	Reference
43% to 70%	Using Anabaena azotica (Microalgae)	(i) Decreasing translocation of As from root to grains; (ii) decreasing DMA in grains and roots and (iii) enhancing nutrient uptake and rice growth	[102]
40%	Using Chlorella vulgaris and Nannochloropsis sp. (Microalgae)	(i) Increasing root and shoot length and biomass and (ii) reduction in cellular toxicity and antioxidant enzyme	[103]
48.1% to 77.7%	Using Chlorella vulgaris (Microalgae) and Pseudomonas putida (Bacteria)	(i) Reducing As accessibility; (ii) modulating the As uptake and (iii) enhancing detoxification mechanism.	[95]
3.5% to 26.0%	Using rhizobacteria (PGPR)	(i) Improving rice growth and (ii) decreasing As accumulation	[104]
79% (in shoots)	Using Pantoea sp (Bacteria; EA106)	(i) improving Fe uptake by root; (ii) decreasing As accumulation	[105]
52.3% to 64.5%	Using Rhodopseudomonas palustris C1 and Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus C31(Nonsulfur bacteria)	(i) Improving the rice growth; (ii) increasing chlorophyll a and b and (iii) reducing As accumulation	[106]
31% (in grains; just leonardite);	Using leonardite + Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus thuringiensis	(i) High efficiency of leonardite in adsorption of arsenic and (ii) increasing productivity and reducing arsenic in grains	[107]
92 % (in grains; leonardite + Bacillus pumilus)
91% (in grains; leonardite + Pseudomonas sp)
91% (in grains; leonardite + Bacillus thuringiensis)
17% to 82% (in straw)	Using Pteris vittata (Plant)	(i) Decreasing phosphate extractable; (ii) decreasing methylated As in grains more than inorganic As	[108]
22% to 58% (in grains)
179% (in root)	Using selenium amendments	(i) Enhancing the essential amino acids; and (ii) increasing non-protein thiols and phytochelatins in rice	[109]
144% (in shoot)
46% (in straw)	Using Si-rich amendments	(i) Decreasing As accumulation and (ii) reducing CH4 emissions from soil	[97]
27.5 (in grains)	Using selenite fertilization	(i) Decreasing the soil solution As in flooded condition; (ii) decreasing As uptake by rice in aerobic and (iii) decreasing the proportion of As in rice shoots.	[110]
50% (straw, flag leaf and husk)	Using silicon	(i) Increasing the Si, Fe and P in soil solution	[111]
68.9% to 78.3% (in grains)	Using ferromanganese oxide and biochar	(i) increasing the Fe and Mn plaque content and (ii) improving the biomass weight of the rice	[112]
32% (in grains under low water)	Using zero valent iron	(i) Increasing percentage productive tillers and grain yield and (ii) reducing the cadmium bioaccumulation in rice grains	[113]