Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the study.
| Characteristics | Total (N=319) | Control (n=161) | Intervention (n=158) | P value | |
| Gender, n (%) (N=313) | .97 | ||||
|
|
Female | 148 (47.3) | 75 (47.2) | 73 (47.4) |
|
|
|
Male | 165 (52.7) | 84 (52.8) | 81 (52.6) |
|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.07 (11.4) | 59.18 (11.5) | 58.96 (11.3) | .87 | |
| Education, n (%) (N=315) | .89 | ||||
|
|
High school or less | 36 (11.4) | 20 (12.6) | 16 (10.3) |
|
|
|
Some college | 109 (34.6) | 56 (35.2) | 53 (34.0) |
|
|
|
Associate’s degree | 40 (12.7) | 19 (12.0) | 21 (13.5) |
|
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | 63 (20.0) | 29 (18.2) | 34 (21.8) |
|
|
|
Graduate and professional degree | 67 (21.3) | 35 (22.0) | 32 (20.5) |
|
| Annual income, n (%) (N=276) | .06 | ||||
|
|
<US $25,000 | 44 (15.9) | 29 (21.3) | 15 (10.7) |
|
|
|
US $25,000-US $50,000 | 66 (23.9) | 29 (21.3) | 37 (26.4) |
|
|
|
US $50,001-US $75,000 | 56 (20.3) | 29 (21.3) | 27 (19.3) |
|
|
|
US $75,001-US $100,000 | 47 (17.0) | 17 (12.5) | 30 (21.4) |
|
|
|
>US $100,000 | 63 (22.8) | 32 (23.5) | 31 (22.1) |
|
| Race, n (%) (N=311) | .79 | ||||
|
|
Caucasian | 196 (63.0) | 100 (62.9) | 96 (63.2) |
|
|
|
African American | 39 (12.5) | 18 (11.3) | 21 (13.8) |
|
|
|
Asian | 27 (8.7) | 16 (10.1) | 11 (7.2) |
|
|
|
Other | 30 (9.7) | 14 (8.8) | 16 (10.5) |
|
|
|
More than 1 race | 19 (6.1) | 11 (6.9) | 8 (5.3) |
|
| Ethnicity, n (%) (N=277) | .28 | ||||
|
|
Hispanic or Latino | 42 (15.2) | 18 (12.9) | 24 (17.5) |
|
|
|
Not Hispanic or Latino | 235 (84.8) | 122 (87.1) | 113 (82.5) |
|
| Chronic comorbidities, n (%) (N=307) | .88 | ||||
|
|
No other comorbidities | 115 (37.5) | 55 (34.2) | 60 (38.0) |
|
|
|
1 comorbidity | 95 (30.9) | 47 (29.2) | 48 (30.4) |
|
|
|
2 comorbidities | 52 (16.9) | 27 (16.8) | 25 (15.8) |
|
|
|
3 or more comorbidities | 45 (14.7) | 25 (15.5) | 20 (12.7) |
|
| Experience with health apps or sensors, n (%) (N=317) | .74 | ||||
|
|
Previously used apps or sensors | 63 (19.8) | 33 (20.5) | 30 (19.0) |
|
|
|
Never used apps or sensors | 256 (80.3) | 128 (79.5) | 128 (81.0) |
|
| Current health tracking, n (%) |
|
||||
|
|
Blood glucose | 127 (39.8) | 64 (39.8) | 63 (39.9) | .31 |
|
|
Physical activity | 82 (25.7) | 35 (21.7) | 47 (29.8) | .25 |
|
|
Nutrition | 65 (20.4) | 33 (20.5) | 32 (20.3) | .46 |
|
|
Sleep | 54 (16.9) | 28 (17.4) | 26 (16.5) | .42 |