Table 1.

Cell wall modifications discussed in this work that were reported in response to salinity, drought, heat, and elevated CO₂ stresses.

Stress	Polymers	Species	Gene	Reference
Salinity stress	Cellulose	Arabidopsis thaliana	CesA	Chen et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2010 [108,109]
	Pectins	Arabidopsis thaliana	PME	Yan et al., 2018; Jithesh et al., 2012 [110,111]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	PAE	Philippe et al., 2017 [114]
		Glycine max	PAE	Tenhaken, 2015; An et al., 2014 [115,116]
	Hemicellulose	Arabidopsis thaliana	XTH	Le Gall et al., 2015; Tenhaken, 2015; Cho et al., 2006; Choi et al., 2011; Han et al., 2017 [115,119,120,121,122]
		Solanum lycopersicum	XTH	Han et al., 2017 [120]
		Capsicum annuum	XTH	Choi et al., 2011 [121]
		Nicotiana tabacum	XTH	Han et al., 2014 [123]
	Cell wall proteins	Arabidopsis thaliana	EXP	Shen et al., 2014; Abuqamar et al., 2013 [117,118]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	EXLA	Tenhaken, 2015; Abuqamar et al., 2013 [115,118]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	GPRs	Shen et al., 2014 [117]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	AGPs	Shen et al., 2014 [117]
		Nicotiana tabacum	AGPs	Olmos et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 1993; Zhu et al., 2002; Lamport et al., 2006 [68,126,129,130]
		Oryza sativa	AGPs	Ma & Zhao, 2010 [127]
		Brassica oleracea	AGPs	Fernandez-Garcia et al., 2011 [128]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	FLA	Johnson et al., 2011 [131]
		Populus trichocarpa	FLA	Zang et al., 2015 [132]
Elevated atmospheric CO2	Cellulose	Hymenaea courbaril	CesA	Aidar et al., 2002 [144]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	CesA	Teng et al., 2006 [142]
		Quercus petraea	CesA	Koike et al., 2018 [140]
		Hymenaea courbaril	CesA	Aidar et al., 2002 [144]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	CesA	Teng et al., 2006 [142]
	Pectins	Populus tremuloides	PME	Le Gall et al., 2015 [119]
	Hemicellulose	Plantago media	XET	Sharma., 2014 [145]
		Liquidambar styraciflua	XTH	Kim et al., 2015 [146]
		Populus tremuloides	XTH	Gupta et al., 2010 [151]
		Betula pendula	XTH	Oksanen et al., 2005 [143]
		Hordeum vulgare	XTH	Le Gall et al., 2015; Ookawara et al., 2005 [119,149]
	Cell wall proteins	Hordeum vulgare	EXP	Le Gall et al., 2015; Ookawara et al., 2005 [119,149]
		Liquidambar styraciflua	EXP	Kim et al., 2015 [146]
		Populus tremuloides	EXP	Gupta et al., 2010 [151]
Drought stress	Cellulose	Arabidopsis thaliana	CesA	Chen et al., 2005, Xie et al., 2011 [108,158]
	Pectins	Arabidopsis thaliana	PME	Wormit & Usadel, 2018; Yang et al., 2019 [113,170]
	Hemicellulose	Arabidopsis thaliana	XTH	Cho et al., 2006 [122]
		Solanum lycopersicum	XTH	Choi et al., 2011 [121]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	EXP	Liu et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2012; Han et al., 2017 [120,163,167]
		Nicotiana tabacum	EXP	Xu et al., 2014 [165]
		Glycine max	EXP	Guo et al., 2011 [166]
	Cell wall proteins	Oryza sativa	AGP	Tseng et al., 2013 [179]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	AGP	Seki et al., 2002 [178]
Heat stress	Cellulose	Brassica rapa	CesA	Yang et al., 2006 [186]
	Pectins	Brassica napus	PME	Yu et al., 2014 [190]
		Coffea arabica	PME	Lima et al., 2013 [185]
		Nidularium minutum	PME	Carvalho et al., 2013 [191]
		Glycine max	PME	Wu et al., 2010 [193]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	PME	Huang et al., 2017 [192]
	Hemicellulose	Brassica rapa	XTH	Yang et al., 2006 [186]
		Triticum aestivum	XET	Iurlaro et al., 2016 [198]
		Coffea arabica	XTH	Lima et al., 2013 [185]
		Triticum aestivum	XTH	Iurlaro et al., 2016 [198]
		Arabidopsis thaliana	XTH	Xu et al., 1996 [197]
	Cell wall proteins	Brassica rapa	EXP	Yang et al., 2006 [186]
		Brassica rapa	EXT	Yang et al., 2006 [186]
		Agrostis scabra	EXP	Xu et al., 2007 [195]
		Nicotiana tabacum	EXP	Xu et al., 2014 [165]
		Solanum lycopersicum	AGP	Li and Showalter 1996; Mareri et al., 2016 [54,124]
		Coffea arabica	AGP	Lima et al., 2013 [185]