Table 4 –
Participant Demographics
| Leaders (N=286) | Workers (N= 1173) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early (n=169) | Lagged (n=117) | Early (n=809) | Lagged (n=364) | |
| n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 163 (99%) | 100(100%) | 607 (99%) | 300 (100%) |
| Female | 1(1%) | 0(0%) | 9 (1%) | 1 (0%) |
| Age - Mean (SD) | 43(9) | 45 (10) | 39(13) | 38(12) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 110 (67%) | 79 (79%) | 295 (49%) | 164 (56%) |
| African American | 3 (2%) | 1(1%) | 23 (4%) | 12 (4%) |
| Hispanic | 44 (27%) | 19 (19%) | 270 (44%) | 100 (34%) |
| Asian | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 2 (0%) | 0(0%) |
| Native American | 2 (1%) | 0(0%) | 4(1%) | 3(1%) |
| Mixed | 4 (2%) | 1(1%) | 11 (2%) | 11 (4%) |
| Other | 1(1%) | 0(0%) | 3 (0%) | 3(1%) |
| Years in construction - Mean (SD) | 21(9) | 23 (9) | 13(11) | 15 (11) |
| Current position | ||||
| Supervisor/manager | 5(3%) | 4 (4%) | - | - |
| Superintendent | 16 (10%) | 20 (20%) | - | - |
| Foreman/lead person | 140 (85%) | 73 (72%) | - | - |
| Experienced worker | - | - | 413 (69%) | 219 (75%) |
| Apprentice/trainee | - | - | 144 (24%) | 50(17%) |
| Laborer | - | - | 20 (3%) | 9(3%) |
| Other | 3 (2%) | 4 (4%) | 20 (3%) | 13 (4%) |
| Tenure with company | ||||
| <1 year | 19 (12%) | 6(6%) | 291 (50%) | 88 (30%) |
| 1–3 years | 29 (18%) | 13 (13%) | 161 (27%) | 84 (29%) |
| 4–6 years | 32 (20%) | 13 (13%) | 80(14%) | 41 (14%) |
| 7–10 years | 27 (17%) | 14 (14%) | 23 (4%) | 23 (8%) |
| 10+ years | 54 (34%) | 54 (54%) | 32 (5%) | 57 (20%) |
| Wks w/current supervisor - Mean (SD) | - | - | 39 (109) | 56 (106) |
| Location in the US | ||||
| West | 128 (76%) | 82 (70%) | 593 (73%) | 254 (70%) |
| Mid-west | 15 (9%) | 17 (15%) | 32 (4%) | 38(10%) |
| Northeast | 26(15%) | 18 (15%) | 184 (23%) | 72 (20%) |
| Company size | ||||
| Small | 26(15%) | 23 (20%) | 184 (23%) | 58(16%) |
| Medium | 46 (27%) | 70 (60%) | 164 (20%) | 265 (73%) |
| Large | 97 (57%) | 24 (21%) | 461 (57%) | 41 (11%) |
| Union Status | ||||
| Non-Union | 110 (65%) | 67 (57%) | 487 (60%) | 185 (51%) |
| Union | 59 (35%) | 50 (43%) | 322 (40%) | 179 (49%) |
| Trade risk level | ||||
| Low risk | 114 (67%) | 49 (42%) | 620 (77%) | 181 (52%) |
| High risk | 55 (33%) | 68 (58%) | 189 (23%) | 173 (48%) |