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Viability impacts of Vip3Aa on Sf9 cells. The Sf9 cells were exposed to different concentrations of Vip3Aa for 24, 48, 60, and 72 h, respectively. Significant tests from the corresponding controls (without Vip3Aa treatment) are indexed via * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.
