Table 2.
Available methods for measurement of mycotoxins in herbal-based supplements 1.
| Samples Procedence (no.) | Positives Samples (%) | Major Analytes Detected | Concentration Reported (ng/g) | Determination | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity (LOQ, ng/g) | Detection Method | Reference | ||||
| Medicinal or aromatic herbs (84) | 99 | ZEN | 1.0–44.1 | 0.14 | ELISA detection (EIA reader, SIRIO S) | [28] |
| T-2 | 0.6–256.9 | 0.28 | ||||
| DON3 | 20.5–343.5 | 14.8 | ||||
| CIT3 | 14.9–354.8 | 16.5 | ||||
| Traditional Chinese herbs (60) | 83 | ZEN | 2.1–15.5 | 0.4 | QQQ (Applied Biosystems) ESI+ MRM mode | [37] |
| AFs3 | 0.2–19.5 | 0.1 | ||||
| MPA3 | 0.2–22.7 | 0.02 | ||||
| Milk thistle (83) | 19 | AFB1 | 0.04–1.9 | 0.03 | LC-FLD (Waters) | [41] |
| Green coffee bean (50) | 36 | OTA3 | 1–136.9 | 2.5 | QQQ (AB SCIEX) ESI+ and ESI- MRM mode | [23] |
| OTB3 | 1–20.2 | 2.5 | ||||
| FB13 | 50–415 | 100 | ||||
| MPA | 5–395 | 10 | ||||
| Milk thistle (7) | 29 | T-2 | 363–453.9 | 30.5 | QQQ (AB SCIEX) ESI+ MRM mode | [38] |
| HT-2 | 826.9–943.7 | 43.8 | ||||
| Herbals (69) | 96 | ZEN | 5–824 | 10 | QQQ (AB SCIEX) ESI+ and ESI- MRM mode | [24] |
| T-2 | 69–1870 | 10 | ||||
| HT-2 | 59–1530 | 50 | ||||
| ENNB | 5–9260 | 5 | ||||
| ENNB1 | 5–10,900 | 5 | ||||
| ENNA | 5–8340 | 5 | ||||
| ENNA1 | 5–2340 | 5 | ||||
| Gingko biloba (8) | 50 | AFB1 | 5.0–54 | 5 | Q-Orbitrap (Exactive, Thermo FisherScientific) ESI+ and ESI- HRMS | [25] |
| AFB2 | 4–300 | 10 | ||||
| T-2 | 18–20 | 30.5 | ||||
| Green tea (10) | 10 | AFB1 | 5.4 | 5 | Q-Orbitrap (Exactive, Thermo FisherScientific) ESI+ and ESI- HRMS | [26] |
| Royal jelly (8) | 0 | |||||
| Soy (11) | 27 | AFB1 | 8.2–17.1 | 5 | Q-Orbitrap (Exactive, Thermo FisherScientific) ESI+ and ESI- HRMS | [27] |
| AFG2 | 6.4 | 5 | ||||
| Cannabis sativa (10) | 70 | ZEN | 4.2–11.6 | 3.13 | Q-Orbitrap (Exactive, Thermo FisherScientific) ESI+ and ESI- HRMS | Current study |
| ENNB1 | <LOQ–11.6 | 1.56 | ||||
1 ESI+ = positive ion mode; ESI− = negative ion mode; HRMS = high-resolution MS; LOQ = limit of quantification; MRM = multiple reaction monitoring; QQQ = triple quadrupole. 2 Range of LOQs referring to the analyzed mycotoxins. 3 AFs = aflatoxins; DON = deoxynivalenol; CIT = citrinin; FB1 = fumonisin B1; MPA = mycophenolic acid; OTA = ochratoxin A; OTB = ochratoxin B.