Table 1.
Hydroxylation of mycotoxins.
| Substrate | Product | Biotransformation System | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 1) | Aflatoxins M1 (2) and Q1 (3) | Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase of rhesus monkey | [22] |
| Aflatoxin M1 (2) | Channel catfish liver | [20] | |
| Aflatoxin Q1 (3) | Rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450p | [21] | |
| Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2, 4) | Aflatoxins M2 (5) and Q2 (6) | Animal liver microsomes | [14] |
| Alternariol (AOH, 7) | 2-Hydroxy AOH (9) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] |
| 4-Hydroxy AOH (10) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] | |
| 8-Hydroxy AOH (11) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] | |
| 10-Hydroxy AOH (12) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] | |
| Alternariol 9-O-methyl ether (AME, 8) | 2-Hydroxy AME (13) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] |
| 4-Hydroxy AME (14) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] | |
| 8-Hydroxy AME (15) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] | |
| 10-Hydroxy AME (16) | Microsomes from rat, human and porcine liver | [23] | |
| Destruxin B (17) | Hydroxydestruxin B (18) | Crucifers such as Brassica napus | [24] |
| Fusaric acid (19) | 8-Hydroxyfusaric acid (20) | Mucor rouxii (fungus) | [27] |
| Ochratoxin A(OTA, 21) | 7-Carboxy-(2′-hydroxy-1- phenylalanine-amide)- 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3R- methylisocoumarin (22) | Phenylobacterium immobile (bacterium) | [28] |
| Dihydrodiol derivative of ochratoxin A (23) | Phenylobacterium immobile (bacterium) | [28] | |
| (4R)-4-Hydroxyochratoxin A (24) | Rat liver microsomes | [29] | |
| Cell cultures of wheat and maize | [29] | ||
| Rabbit liver microsomes | [30] | ||
| (4S)-4-Hydroxyochratoxin A (25) | Cell cultures of wheat and maize | [31] | |
| Rabbit liver microsomes | [30] | ||
| 10-Hydroxyochratoxin A (26) | Rabbit liver microsomes | [30] | |
| Ochratoxin B (OTB, 27) | Hydroquinone metabolite of ochratoxin (OTHQ, 28) | Horse radish peroxidase (HPR) | [32] |
| Sterigmatocystin (29) | 9-Hydroxy sterigmatocystin (30) | Human and rat hepatic microsomes | [34] |
| T-2 toxin (31) | 19-OH T-2 toxin = 3‘-OH T-2 toxin (32) | Chicken CYP3A37 (enzyme) | [35] |
| Zearalenone (ZEN, 33) | (5S)-5-Hydroxy ZEN (34) | Cunninghamella bainieri (fungus) | [38] |
| 13-Hydroxy ZEN (35) | Human liver microsomes | [40] | |
| 15-Hydroxy ZEN (36) | Human liver microsomes | [40] |
