Table 5.
Three Month Study Blood Chemistry Males and Females Group by Sex ANOVA (bold – significant differences)
| Serum measure | GROUP main effect | SEX main effect | GROUP X SEX interaction | Special Notes *Report as p < .001 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F, p value (df 1,24) | F, p value (df 1, 24) | F, p value (df 1, 24) | ||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 2.24, .15 | 18.31, <.001 | 0.56, .46 | Females < Males |
| Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) | 3.72, .07 | 0.28, .60 | 0.03, .86 | No significant interaction |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 9.10, .006 | 14.41, .001 | 0.01, .92 | Placebo < 2014 HP & Females > Males |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 0.07, .80 | 4.79, .04 | 0.93, .35 | Females > Males |
| Potassium (mEq/L) (> 10 values coded as missing data) | 0.003, .96 | 74.43, <.001 | 0.46, .50 | Females < Males |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 0.13, .73 | 11.99, .002 | 1.94, .18 | Females < Males |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 1.22, .28 | 45.86, <.001 | 0.08, .79 | Females > Males |
| Anion Gap (mEq/L) (missing data coded with group average) | 3.12, .09 | 12.49, .002 | 3.12, .09 | Females < Males |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 1.93, .18 | 98.42, <.001 | 0.52, .48 | Females > Males |
| Total Protein (g/dL) | 4.24, .051 | 55.26, <.001 | 0.46, .50 | Females > Males |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 2.79, .11 | 0.06, .80 | 0.11, .74 | No significant interaction |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 0.00, .99 | 67.10, <.001 | 0.01, .92 | Females > Males |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 0.26, .61 | 1.70, .21 | 4.81, .04 |
Differences between groups for females and males. Females: Placebo > 2014 HP Males: Placebo < 2014 HP |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) (outlier coded with group average) | 2.55, .12 | 42.63, <.001 | 2.95, .10 | Females < Males |
| Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 17.62, <.001 | 6.51, .02 | 4.94, .04 | Significant main effects and interaction. Significant differences between females and males. For both females and males, Placebo < 2014 HP. This difference was much greater for females than it was for males. (With a significant interaction, do not interpret either significant main effect.) |
| ALT (U/L) | 0.86, .36 | 2.75, .11 | 1.16, .29 | No significant interaction |
| ALP (U/L) | 1.38, .25 | 0.80, .38 | 1.69, .21 | No significant interaction |
| GGT (U/L) | All values were “< 3” – no analyses conducted | |||
| CK (U/L) (outlier value coded with group average) | 0.34, .57 | 5.60, .03 | 0.47, .50 | Females > Males |
| Hemolysis (Mild to moderate hemolysis may cause false increases in direct bilirubin and AST measurement. Marked hemolysis can adversely affect all chemistry tests.) | Overall Model Test - X2 = 9.82, df 3, p = .02Binary logistic regression to predict hemolysis. Wald X2 statistic | The occurrence of hemolysis varied with group and sex. Female rats showed more hemolysis (only 1 male in 3-month data showed slight hemolysis). Hemolysis occurred at a slightly higher rate in the control group (50% of the female rats) compared to the HP group (37.5% of the female rats). | ||
| X2 = 0.00, df 1, p = .99 | X2 = 0.0, df 1, p = 1.00 | X2 = 0.0, df 1, p = .99 | ||
| NOTE - Total Protein: p value could be rounded to p = .05; if we interpret it, Placebo > 2014 HP | ||||