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. 2020 Mar 17;20:101. doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-01684-6

Table 1.

Clinical, genetic, and imaging characteristics of patients with genetically confirmed adult-onset PLAN in the literature

Author, year Patient Ethnicity Genotype Type Sex AAO Initial symptoms Main symptoms during examination MRI
EPS Dystonia Pyramidal signs Ataxia Psychiatric
Homozygous p.D331Y mutations (N = 5)
Shi et al. 2011 [6] P1 Chinese Homo c.991G > T (p. D331Y) EOPD M 37 Gait disturbance + nl
Xie et al. 2015 [7] PA Chinese Homo c.991G > T (p. D331Y) EOPD M 36 Gait disturbance + nl
PB Chinese Homo c.991G > T (p. D331Y) EOPD M 36 Right hand tremor + nl
This study P2 Chinese Homo c.991G > T (p. D331Y) EOPD F 30 Slowing gait + D, P, A nl
P3 Chinese Homo c.991G > T (p. D331Y) EOPD F 26 Right leg clumsiness + + D, A nl
Compound heterozygous p.D331Y/ other mutations (N = 5)
Lu et al. 2012 [8] P3 Chinese Compound hetero c.991G > T (p. D331Y)/c.1077G > A (M358IfsX) DP F 19 Unsteadiness and bradykinesia + + + P,C CoA, CeA
Chen et al. 2018 [9] P3 Chinese Compound hetero c.991G > T(p.D331Y)/c.1982C > T DP M 29 Walking difficulty + + CeA
P4 Chinese Compound hetero c.991G > T(p.D331Y)/ c.2218G > A (p.G740R) HSP F 31 Gait disturbance + + CeA
Ji et al. 2019 [10] P1 Chinese Compound hetero c.991G > T (D331Y)/c.1648delC Ataxia F 30 Imbalance + + D CeA
This study P1 Chinese Compound hetero c.991G > T (p. D331Y)/c.1077G > A (M358IfsX) DP M 18 Depression and psychosis + + D, P, C CoA, CeA
Homozygous Mutations other than p.D331Y (N = 17)

Paisa’n-Ruiz

et al., 2008 [3]

P1 of F1 Indian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) DP F 26 Cognitive decline + + + D, C CoA
P1 of F2 Pakistani Homo c.2239C > T (p.R747W) DP F 18 Foot drag + + + C CoA
Sina et al. 2009 [11] P1 Iranian Homo c.C1894T (p.R632W) DP M 25 Foot drag + + + C CoA
P2 Iranian Homo c.C1894T (p.R632W) DP M 22 Foot drag + + + C CoA
P3 Iranian Homo c.C1894T (p.R632W) DP F 21 Foot drag + + + + C CoA
Agarwal et al., 2012 [12] P1 Scandinavian Homo c.G238A (p.A80T) EOPD F 22 Depression + + + D, A, C I
Virmani et al., 2014 [13] P1 Indian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) DP F 25 Depression and psychosis + + + D, P CoA
P2 Indian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) DP F 22 Depression + + + CoA

Malaguti

et al. 2015 [14]

P Italian Homo c.C1547T (p.A516W) DP F 27 Stiff leg sensation + + + C I
Giri et al. 2016 [15] P Turkish Homo c.2239C > T (p.R747W) EOPD F 27 Left limb slowness + D,P,C CoA
Ozes et al. 2017 [16] P2 Turkish Homo c.2239C > T (p.R747W) HSP M 21 Scissoring gait + + I
Koh et al. 2018 [17] D II-3 Japanese Homo c.1904G > A (p.R635Q) HSP F 66 Gait impairment + + nl

Bohlega

et al. 2018 [18]

P1 of F1 Saudi Arabian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) EOPD F 26 Depression, bradykinesia + + D, C CoA
P2 of F1 Saudi Arabian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) EOPD M 22 Depression, tremor + + D, C CoA
P3 of F1 Saudi Arabian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) EOPD F 23 Bradykinesia + + C CoA
P1 of F2 Saudi Arabian Homo c.2222G > A (p.R741Q) EOPD M 25 Cognitive decline + + C CoA
Rohani et al. 2018 [19] P Saudi Arabian Homo p. Ala681Cysfs*92 DP M 18 Bradykinesia, tremor + + + P nl
Compound Heterozygous mutations other than p.D331Y (N = 8)
Yoshino et al. 2010 [20] PA Japanese Compound hetero c.C216A (p. p.F72L) /c.G1904A (p.R635Q) EOPD F 20 Resting tremor, unsteady gait + D,P,C CoA, I
PB1 Japanese Compound hetero c.C1354T (p.Q452X) /c.G1904A (p.R635Q) EOPD M 25 Bradykinesia, gait disturbance + C CoA
PB2 Japanese Compound hetero c.C1354T (p.Q452X) /c.G1904A (p.R635Q) EOPD M 30 Bradykinesia, gait disturbance + P,C CoA
Bower et al., 2011 [21] P1 European Compound hetero c.C4A (p.Q2K)/Del Ex 3 (pL71_S142del) DP F 18 Depression + + + D GP
Kim et al. 2015 [22] P1 Korean Compound hetero c.G1039A (p.G347R) /c.C1670T (p.S557L) DP F 22 Unsteady gait and falls + + + + C CeA, I

Wirth

et al. 2017 [23]

P1 Caucasian Compound hetero c.109C > T (p.R37X)/ c.2321G > T (p.Ser774Iso) EOPD M 23 Depression and anxiety + + D,P,A nl
P2 Caucasian Compound hetero c.758G > T (Gly253Val)/c.2341G > A (Ala781Thr) EOPD M 27 Left leg tremor and anxiety + + P,A,C nl
Chen et al.2018 [9] P2 Chinese Compound heteroc.668C > T (p.P223L) /c.1915G > A(p.A639T) EOPD M 27 Walking difficulty + + CeA, GP, I

Abbreviations: +, present; −, absent or not reported; F1 family 1; P1 patient 1; DP dystonia-parkinsonism; EOPD early-onset Parkinson’s disease; HSP hereditary spastic hemiplegia; AAO age at onset; EPS extrapyramidal sign; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; D depression; P psychosis; A anxiety; C cognitive decline; CoA Cortical atrophy; CeA Cerebellar atrophy; GP T2- hypointensity in globus pallidus; I Iron accumulation; nl normal; hypo hypometabolism; NA not available