Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants by Gender
| Characteristic | Overall | Females | Males | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 2596 (100%) | 1809 (70%) | 787 (30%) | |
| Age, years | 47.9 ± 16.4 | 52.4 ± 16.8 | 45.9 ± 15.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 91.4 ± 10.9 | 91.0 ± 11.2 | 92.0 ± 10.3 | 0.03 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 189.0 ± 108.6 | 185.9 ± 104.3 | 196.3 ± 117.8 | 0.003 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 39.5 ± 12.1 | 40.1 ± 12.9 | 37.9 ± 12.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 102.9 ± 50.6 | 102.5 ± 51.8 | 103.7 ± 47.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 126.0 ± 22.5 | 124.3 ± 22.3 | 129.9 ± 22.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73.2 ± 12.0 | 72.0 ± 11.6 | 75.0 ± 12.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 177.4 ± 39.4 | 177.31 ± 39.4 | 177.5 ± 39.6 | 0.949 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 4.9 | 27.9 ± 5 | 26.4 ± 4.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Visceral fat, % | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 8.3 ± 3.1 | 11 ± 4.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Body fat, % | 36.3 ± 10.6 | 41.3 ± 7.5 | 24.9 ± 7.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Type 2 diabetes (PD), % | 13.7 (12.4–15.1) | 14.3 (12.7–16) | 12.3 (10.1–14.8) | 0.186 |
| Hypertension (PD), % | 13.6 (12.3–15) | 11.8 (10.4–13.4) | 17.8 (15.2–20.6) | < 0.0001 |
| FDR with diabetes, % | 21.5 (20–23.2) | 21.9 (20.1–23.9) | 20.6 (17.8–23.6) | 0.597 |
| FDR with hypertension, % | 26.9 (25.2–28.7) | 26.6 (24.6–28.7) | 27.7 (24.6–31) | 0.729 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | 13 (11.9–14.2) | 2 (1.5–2.7) | 33.4 (30.6–36.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking, % | 7.9 (7–8.8) | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | 20.1 (17.8–22.6) | < 0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or frequency (95% confidence intervals) unless otherwise noted. PD, previous diagnostic; FDR, first-degree relationship.
*Comparison of females and males