Table 3.
Hip extension age and gender differences of MVC, torque steadiness and torque accuracy at relative and absolute target torque levels
| Young |
Old |
P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| men | women | men | women | |||
| Strength | ||||||
| MVC (Nm) | 141.3 ± 21.6 | 97.6 ± 16.0 | 106.9 ± 22.2 | 76.9 ± 8.7 | A: | <0.001 |
| G: | <0.001 | |||||
| A × G: | 0.234 | |||||
| MVC adjusted for | 119.4 ± 11.26 | 112.3 ± 8.9 | 97.9 ± 7.3 | 92.6 ± 6.2 | A: | 0.001 |
| FFM (Nm) | G: | 0.575 | ||||
| A × G: | 0.234 | |||||
| Torque steadiness | ||||||
| Standard deviation (Nm) | ||||||
| 5% MVC a | 0.24 ± 0.12 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0.38 | 0.73 ± 0.58 | A: | 0.157 |
| 25% MVC b | 0.76 ± 0.28 | 1.03 ± 0.56 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | 0.56 ± 0.26 | G: | 0.661 |
| 50% MVC c | 1.80 ± 0.88 | 2.14 ± 1.35 | 1.60 ± 0.66 | 1.1 ± 0.37 | L: | <0.001 |
| A × G: | 0.216 | |||||
| A × L: | 0.002 | |||||
| G × L: | 0.374 | |||||
| AX G × L: | 0.064 | |||||
| 25 Nm | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.94 ± 0.32 | 0.82 ± 0.81 | 0.68 ± 0.36 | A: | 0.676 |
| G: | 0.243 | |||||
| A × G: | 0.041 | |||||
| Coefficient of variation (%) | ||||||
| 5% MVCa,*, † | 3.44 ± 1.75 | 6.88 ± 3.35 | 7.44 ± 7.66 | 22.32 ± 25.56 | A: | 0.065 |
| 25% MVCb | 2.16 ± 0.70 | 4.13 ± 2.22 | 2.84 ± 0.88 | 2.93 ± 1.44 | G: | 0.030 |
| 50% MVCb | 2.57 ± 1.10 | 4.25 ± 2.26 | 3.28 ± 2.19 | 2.92 ± 1.19 | L: | 0.002 |
| A × G: | 0.438 | |||||
| A × L: | 0.019 | |||||
| G × L: | 0.049 | |||||
| AX G × L: | 0.110 | |||||
| 25 Nm | 1.76 ± 0.55 | 3.76 ± 1.27 | 3.33 ± 3.40 | 2.72 ± 1.43 | A: | 0.678 |
| G: | 0.280 | |||||
| A × G: | 0.045 | |||||
| Torque accuracy | ||||||
| Mean deviation from target level (Nm) | ||||||
| 5% MVCa | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.31 | 0.34 ± 0.27 | A: | 0.538 |
| 25% MVCa | 0.23 ± 0.22 | 0.18 ± 0.15 | 0.47 ± 0.29 | 0.42 ± 0.18 | G: | 0.906 |
| 50% MVCb | 0.99 ± 0.5 | 1.30 ± 1.00 | 1.09 ± 0.89 | 0.74 ± 0.37 | L: | <0.001 |
| A × G: | 0.382 | |||||
| A × L: | 0.043 | |||||
| G × L: | 0.850 | |||||
| AX G × L: | 0.101 | |||||
| 25 Nm | 0.20 ± 0.90 | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.40 ± 0.40 | 0.57 ± 0.32 | A: | 0.022 |
| G: | 0.076 | |||||
| A × G: | 0.932 | |||||
Values are group means ± SD. A = Age; G = gender; L = level.
*
p < 0.05, older vs. young.
†
p < 0.05, women vs. men. Target torque level means with different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05). For standard deviation 25 Nm follow-up post hoc tests on the A×G interaction were not significant (p > 0.05). For coefficient of variation 25 Nm follow-up post hoc tests on the A×G interaction were not significant (p > 0.05). For torque accuracy across relative MVC torque levels follow-up post hoc tests on the A×L interaction were not significant (p > 0.05).