Table 1.
A list of transcription factors and their effect on viral replication.
| Protein | Effect on Transcription | Site of HBV Genome Interaction | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubiquitous Transcription Factors | |||
| Activating transcription Factor 2 (ATF2) | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENI region | [33] |
| Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS2/S region | [34] |
| CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS1 and ENII promoter regions | [5,13,35] |
| cAMP response element-binding transcription factor (CREB) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENI region | [36,37] |
| Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor (COUP-TF) | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENI, core and PreS2 regions | [13,38,39] |
| Homeobox A10 (HOXA10) | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENI and X promoter region | [40] |
| Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) | Inhibits transcription | Initiate an immune response or is activated by HBx mediated oxidative stress | [41,42] |
| Nuclear Transcription Factor Y (NF-Y) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS2/S regions | [4,41,43] |
| Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1) | Enhanced transcription | Binds X promoter region | [44,45] |
| Octamer binding protein 1 (Oct1) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS1 region | [46] |
| Prospero-related homeobox protein 1 (PROX1) | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENI, ENII and PreS1 regions | [47] |
| Regulatory Factor Box 1 (RFX1) | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENI and core promoter regions | [48,49,50] |
| Small heterodimer partner (SHP) d | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENI, ENII, core and X promoter regions | [51] |
| Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreC, ENII and PreS2 promoter regions | [13,23,52,53] |
| Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) | Inhibits transcription | Activates an immune response a binds ENI/X promoter region | [54,55] |
| Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENI region | [56,57] |
| TATA Box Protein (TBP) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS2/S region | [58] |
| Transcription Factor IIB (TFIIB) | Enhances transcription | Binds X promoter region | [59,60] |
| Tumor Protein 53 (p53) | Inhibits transcription | Binds ENII and X promoter regions | [61,62,63] |
| Yin Yang 1 (YY1) | Inhibits transcription b | Binds Upstream of Direct repeat region 1 | [64] |
| Zinc-finger E-box Binding Homeobox 2 (ZEB2) | Inhibits transcription | Binds core promoter region | [65] |
| Hepatocyte-specific Transcription Factors | |||
| Farsenoid X Receptor α (FXRα) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENII and core promoter | [66,67] |
| Krüppel-like Factor 15 (KLF15) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS2/S and core promoter | [68] |
| Liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENII region | [69,70] |
| Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1α (HNF1α) | Enhances and inhibits transcription c | Binds PreS1, ENII, core and X promoter regions | [46,71,72] |
| Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3 (HNF3) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENII and PreS1 promoter regions | [38,73,74] |
| Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 α (HNF4α) | Enhances transcription | Binds PreS1, core and ENII promoter regions | [75,76,77] |
| Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 6 (HNF6) | Inhibits transcription | Binds PreS1/S2 promoter regions | [78] |
| Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α (PPARα) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENI, Core and PreS2/S promoter regions | [79,80] |
| Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα) | Enhances transcription | Binds ENI, Core and S promoter | [80,81] |
| Zinc Finger and Homeoboxes 2 (ZHX2) | Inhibits transcription | Binds X, core and PreS2 promoter | [82] |
a Through signal transduction STAT1 can inhibit HBV. However, HBx actively prevents its activation, limiting STAT1′s effectiveness against HBV infection. b With YY1′s interaction with the direct repeat region HBV replication inhibition occurs. However, other studies indicate its important role in integrating the HBV DNA into the host genome. c HNF1, when interacting with NF-kB, can inhibit HBV replication. With the binding of the ENII, PreS1, core and X promoter, there is an enhancement in activity. d SHP is recruited by other transcription factors to facilitate HBV replication repression.