TABLE 1.

Examples of beneficial effect of additives on inoculant gel-based formulations.

Microorganism	Additive	Beneficial effect	References
Pseudomonas cepacia; Talaromyces flavus; Penicillium oxalicum; Gliocladium virens; Trichoderma viride	Pyrophyllite	Bulking agent	Fravel et al., 1985
Pantoea agglomerans; Trichoderma harzianum	Chitin, kaolin or bentonite	Reduced UV transmition	Zohar-Perez et al., 2003
Raoultella planticola	Bentonite	Continuous cell release	He et al., 2015
P. putida	Perlite	Cell-gel stability	Liffourrena and Lucchesi, 2018
Azospirillum brasilense	Skim milk	Increased cell number in beads	Bashan et al., 2002
P. fluorescens	Skim milk	Increased cell number and soil; enhanced cell viability	Power et al., 2011
Enterobacter sp.	Skim milk	Better mycorrhization	Vassileva et al., 1999
	Skim milk and montmorillonite	Higher cell survival rate	Vassilev et al., 1997
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Skim milk and clay minerals	Higher plant growth promotion	Cassidy et al., 1995
Fusarium oxysporum	Starch	High cell viability, shelf life, and soil colonization	Bailey et al., 1998
A. brasilense	Starch	Extended shelf life	Ivanova et al., 2005
Penicillium janthinellum	Chitin and dry dry olive wastes	Chitinase synthesis; biocontrol activity	Vassilev et al., 2008
Bacillus subtilis	Humic acids	Higher survival rate	Young et al., 2006
Raoultella terrigena	Trehalose	Desiccation protection	Schoebitz et al., 2013
Bacillus salmalaya	Protein hydrolysate	High encapsulation index	Vejan et al., 2018