Table 4.

Comparative efficacy of metformin vs voglibose and placebo on mRNA expression of mitophagy‐related markers

	Baseline Model (n = 42)					Controlling for age		Controlling for age, BMI		Controlling for age, BMI, HbA1c		Controlling for age, BMI, HbA1c, HOMA‐IR		Controlling for age, BMI, HbA1c, HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β
	P‐Value	Effect size (%)a	Adjusted 3‐mo meanb (95% CI)			P‐value	Effect size (%)a	P‐value	Effect size (%)a	P‐value	Effect size (%)a	P‐value	Effect size (%)a	P‐value	Effect size (%)a	Adjusted 3‐mo meanb (95% CI)
																Met	Vogli	Placebo
			Met	Vogli	Placebo
PINK1	.002	28.5	2.12 (1.63, 2.60)	1.06 (0.59, 1.53)	0.89 (0.39, 1.40)	.002	28.8	.002	28.9	.002	29.1	.006	28.1	.001	38.9	2.32 (1.76, 2.88)	1.22 (0.67, 1.77)	0.67 (0.09, 1.25)
PARKIN	.004	24.8	2.26 (1.62, 2.91)	1.05 (0.42, 1.67)	0.75 (0.08, 1.41)	.002	28.0	.004	26.9	.003	28.1	.001	34.3	.004	33.8	2.57 (1.83, 3.30)	1.13 (0.41,1.84)	0.71 (−0.06,1.48)
NIX	.161	9.2	1.60 (1.11, 2.09)	1.23 (0.75, 1.70)	0.92 (0.41, 1.42)	.145	9.9	.187	8.9	.186	9.2	.421	5.4	.304	8.4	1.58 (1.00, 2.15)	1.23 (0.68, 1.79)	0.91 (0.32,1.50)
LC3‐II	<.001	33.4	2.24 (1.71, 2.77)	0.75 (0.23, 1.26)	0.96 (0.41, 1.52)	.001	32.4	.001	33.1	.001	32.9	<.001	42.7	.001	38.8	1.95 (1.51, 2.39)	0.78 (0.34, 1.21)	0.95 (0.48, 1.41)
LAMP2	<.001	45.4	3.62 (2.87, 4.36)	1.26 (0.55, 1.98)	0.93 (0.16, 1.70)	<.001	44.7	<.001	44.6	<.001	44.5	<.001	44.8	<.001	45.5	3.72 (2.82, 4.62)	1.37 (0.50, 2.25)	0.87 (−0.07, 1.80)
MFN2	<.001	45.9	2.61 (2.09,3.12)	0.99 (0.49,1.48)	0.71 (0.18,1.25)	<.001	49.3	<.001	48.6	<.001	48.6	<.001	52.7	<.001	52.2	2.87 (2.26, 3.49)	0.95 (0.35, 1.56)	0.71 (0.07, 1.36)

^aVariance explained by the use of metformin; calculated from partial eta‐squared. Squared values of 1%, 6% and 13.8% indicate small, medium and large effect sizes, respectively.

^bAdjusted 3‐mo mean for outcome variables calculated controlling for effects of confounder(s).