Figure 3.

Gene expression analysis following LPS treatment. Mice were treated with LPS (0.1 mg/kg) with or without D‐GalN (700 mg/kg) pre‐treatment, while the control group received saline. A, The mRNA was isolated from liver specimens (collected 90 minutes after LPS or saline treatment) and analysed using PCR. Symbols and bars represent fold change with 95% CI in comparison with control mice (dashed line). All analyses were done at the ΔCt level using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test. B, ALT levels were measured and compared between groups (sera collected 90 minutes after LPS or saline treatment). Symbols represent individual values, and columns represent medians. n = 5 per group; **P < .01, ***P < .001 (saline vs LPS, and saline vs D‐GalN/LPS); ^# P < .05, ^## P < .01, ^### P < .001 (LPS vs D‐GalN/LPS); ns—not significant. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; Ct, cycle threshold; D‐GalN, d‐galactosamine; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha