Table 5.

Associations between sex hormones and carotid plaque calcification

	Presence of calcification
	OR (95% CI)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
E1	0.76 (0.44, 1.30)	0.77 (0.39, 1.52)	0.57 (0.25, 1.31)
E2	1.04 (0.84, 1.28)	1.01 (0.76, 1.34)	0.97 (0.70, 1.35)
T	0.33 (0.11, 1.01)	0.40 (0.10, 1.58)	0.33 (0.08, 1.37)
SHBG	1.06 (0.63, 1.78)	0.67 (0.31, 1.43)	0.56 (0.25, 1.25)
FT	0.58 (0.30, 1.12)	0.84 (0.34, 2.11)	0.91 (0.36, 2.28)

Abbreviations: E1, estrone; E2, estradiol; T, testosterone; FT, free testosterone; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; TPA, total plaque area. Hormones log-transformed. RR determined by Poisson distribution. Model 1: unadjusted. Tertile TPA assessed using ordinal logistic regression (ref, lowest tertile). Model 1: age; race/ethnicity; education; BMI; SBP; HOMA-IR; LDL-C; triglycerides (postmenopausal women only). Model 2, Model 1 adjusting for family history of CVD. Model 3, Model 2 adjusting for gestational hypertension/preeclampsia; and gestational diabetes.

^a P ≤ .10.

^b P < .05.

^c P < .01.