Table 2.
Multiple Regression Models Predicting Analyte Concentration
| Analyte | Sex | Predictor Variable | Coefficient | Confidence Interval | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albumina (g/L) | B | BMI z-score | –0.276 | (–0.492 to –0.060) | .04 |
| WC z-score | –0.199 | (–0.526 to 0.128) | .37 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.343 | (–0.651 to –0.035) | .06 | ||
| ALPa (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | –6.93 | (–12.5 to –1.39) | .04 |
| WC z-score | 0.470 | (–9.17 to 10.1) | .97 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –8.20 | (–17.3 to 0.868) | .14 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.835 | (–8.45 to 6.78) | .91 | |
| WC z-score | –1.99 | (–14.4 to 10.4) | .86 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –3.30 | (–16.7 to 10.1) | .75 | ||
| ALTb (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.013 | (–0.502 to 0.528) | .07 |
| WC z-score | 0.003 | (–0.017 to 0.023) | .86 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.001 | (–0.017 to 0.019) | .97 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 0.033 | (0.021 to 0.045) | <.001 | |
| WC z-score | 0.040 | (0.021 to 0.059) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.044 | (0.026 to 0.062) | <.001 | ||
| Amylasea (U/L) | B | BMI z-score | –1.69 | (–3.19 to –0.185) | .06 |
| WC z-score | –2.64 | (–4.76 to –0.523) | .04 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –1.16 | (–3.15 to 0.819) | .39 | ||
| Apo A1 (g/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.038 | (–0.060 to –0.016) | .003 |
| WC z-score | –0.033 | (–0.066 to 0.000) | .10 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.025 | (–0.056 to 0.006) | .21 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.009 | (–0.031 to 0.013) | 0.53 | |
| WC z-score | –0.026 | (–0.059 to 0.007) | 0.21 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.023 | (–0.054 to 0.008) | 0.25 | ||
| Apo B (g/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.013 | (0.003 to 0.023) | .01 |
| WC z-score | 0.024 | (0.010 to 0.038) | .003 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.028 | (0.012 to 0.044) | <.001 | ||
| ASOa (IU/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.114 | (–5.70 to 5.93) | .98 |
| WC z-score | 3.81 | (–4.79 to 12.4) | .54 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 4.05 | (–3.78 to 11.9) | .46 | ||
| ASTa (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.489 | (–0.879 to –0.099) | 0.04 |
| WC z-score | –0.648 | (–1.22 to –0.074) | 0.06 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.496 | (–1.03 to 0.041) | 0.13 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.532 | (–1.006 to –0.058) | .06 | |
| WC z-score | –1.35 | (–2.04 to –0.672) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.760 | (–1.51 to –0.015) | .09 | ||
| Bilirubin (direct)a (μmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.057 | (–0.204 to 0.090) | .60 |
| WC z-score | –0.061 | (–0.290 to 0.168) | .73 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.166 | (–0.372 to 0.040) | .20 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.151 | (–0.284 to –0.018) | .06 | |
| WC z-score | –0.101 | (–0.326 to 0.124) | .53 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.253 | (–0.457 to –0.049) | .04 | ||
| Bilirubin (total)a (μmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.105 | (–0.375 to 0.165) | .60 |
| WC z-score | –0.035 | (–0.484 to 0.414) | .95 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.165 | (–0.557 to 0.227) | .56 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.161 | (–0.392 to 0.070) | .28 | |
| WC z-score | –0.186 | (–0.553 to 0.181) | .47 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.436 | (–0.785 to –0.087) | .04 | ||
| C3a (g/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.079 | (0.065 to 0.093) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 0.092 | (0.072 to 0.112) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.089 | (0.069 to 0.109) | <.001 | ||
| C4b (g/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.004 | (0.002 to 0.006) | .006 |
| WC z-score | 0.004 | (0.000 to 0.008) | .06 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.005 | (0.001 to 0.009) | .004 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 0.004 | (0.002 to 0.006) | <.001 | |
| WC z-score | 0.006 | (0.002 to 0.010) | .002 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.006 | (0.002 to 0.010) | <.001 | ||
| Calciuma (mmol/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.002 | (–0.004 to 0.008) | .65 |
| WC z-score | 0.005 | (–0.003 to 0.013) | .31 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.005 | (–0.003 to 0.013) | .36 | ||
| ChEa (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | 365 | (201 to 530) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 481 | (232 to 730) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 516 | (291 to 741) | <.001 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 488 | (308 to 667) | <.001 | |
| WC z-score | 687 | (385 to 988) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 740 | (460 to 1020) | <.001 | ||
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.003 | (–0.081 to 0.087) | .97 |
| WC z-score | 0.070 | (–0.053 to 0.193) | .41 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.110 | (–0.006 to 0.226) | .12 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.001 | (–0.081 to 0.079) | .98 | |
| WC z-score | 0.009 | (–0.122 to 0.140) | .96 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.040 | (–0.085 to 0.165) | .68 | ||
| CO2a (mmol/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.011 | (–0.169 to 0.191) | .96 |
| WC z-score | 0.067 | (–0.202 to 0.336) | .75 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.016 | (–0.229 to 0.261) | .96 | ||
| Creatinine (enzymatic)b (μmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.007 | (–0.736 to 0.750) | .07 |
| WC z-score | 0.008 | (–0.002 to 0.018) | .18 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.007 | (–0.001 to 0.015) | .17 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.001 | (–0.007 to 0.005) | .79 | |
| WC z-score | –0.125 | (–0.135 to –0.115) | .80 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.001 | (–0.009 to 0.011) | .96 | ||
| hsCRPb (mg/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.150 | (0.119 to 0.181) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 0.205 | (0.156 to 0.254) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.203 | (0.156 to 0.250) | <.001 | ||
| GGTa (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.546 | (0.279 to 0.813) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 0.419 | (0.049 to 0.789) | .06 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.424 | (0.067 to 0.781) | .05 c | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 1.04 | (0.675 to 1.40) | <.001 | |
| WC z-score | 1.15 | (0.612 to 1.69) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 1.05 | (0.549 to 1.55) | <.001 | ||
| Haptoglobin (g/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.108 | (0.065 to 0.151) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 0.141 | (0.080 to 0.202) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.148 | (0.091 to 0.205) | <.001 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 0.066 | (0.029 to 0.103) | .002 | |
| WC z-score | 0.108 | (0.045 to 0.171) | .003 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.088 | (0.029 to 0.147) | .01 | ||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.042 | (–0.071 to –0.013) | .02 |
| WC z-score | –0.047 | (–0.090 to –0.004) | .07 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.019 | (–0.058 to 0.020) | .51 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.045 | (–0.070 to –0.020) | .002 | |
| WC z-score | –0.047 | (–0.088 to –0.006) | .06 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.048 | (–0.087 to –0.009) | .04 | ||
| Irona (μmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.870 | (–1.41 to –0.329) | .006 |
| WC z-score | –1.16 | (–1.99 to –0.324) | .02 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –1.69 | (–2.42 to –0.959) | <.001 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.768 | (–1.31 to –0.229) | .02 | |
| WC z-score | –1.08 | (–1.97 to –0.192) | .04 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –1.25 | (–2.12 to –0.382) | .02 | ||
| IgAa (g/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.007 | (–0.026 to 0.040) | .80 |
| WC z-score | –0.015 | (–0.072 to 0.042) | .74 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.019 | (–0.070 to 0.032) | .62 | ||
| IgG (g/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.193 | (–0.013 to 0.399) | .12 |
| WC z-score | 0.177 | (–0.123 to 0.477) | .39 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.156 | (–0.126 to 0.438) | .42 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.007 | (–0.203 to 0.189) | .97 | |
| WC z-score | 0.104 | (–0.223 to 0.431) | .68 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.025 | (–0.333 to 0.283) | .95 | ||
| IgM (g/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.013 | (–0.052 to 0.026) | .68 |
| WC z-score | –0.015 | (–0.074 to 0.044) | .74 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.020 | (–0.075 to 0.035) | .63 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 0.001 | (–0.030 to 0.032) | .98 | |
| WC z-score | 0.001 | (–0.050 to 0.052) | .98 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.024 | (–0.025 to 0.073) | .49 | ||
| LDHa (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | 2.54 | (–0.417 to 5.49) | .17 |
| WC z-score | 1.37 | (–3.67 to 6.42) | .73 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 4.99 | (0.359 to 9.62) | .07 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 3.96 | (0.652 to 7.26) | .05 c | |
| WC z-score | 2.51 | (–2.96 to 7.98) | .53 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 6.37 | (1.65 to 11.1) | .02 | ||
| Lipaseb (U/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.003 | (–1.03 to 1.04) | .87 |
| WC z-score | 0.001 | (–0.026 to 0.028) | .97 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.005 | (–0.020 to 0.030) | .80 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.008 | (–0.026 to 0.010) | .56 | |
| WC z-score | –0.966 | (–0.997 to –0.935) | .11 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.016 | (–0.045 to 0.013) | .42 | ||
| Magnesiuma (mmol/L) | B | BMI z-score | –0.003 | (–0.009 to 0.003) | .30 |
| WC z-score | –0.004 | (–0.012 to 0.004) | .56 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.001 | (–0.009 to 0.007) | .89 | ||
| Phosphorusa (mmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | –0.025 | (–0.047 to –0.003) | .05 |
| WC z-score | –0.043 | (–0.076 to –0.010) | .03 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.041 | (–0.070 to –0.012) | .02 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | –0.013 | (–0.037 to 0.011) | .44 | |
| WC z-score | –0.041 | (–0.082 to 0.000) | .11 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.032 | (–0.069 to 0.005) | .18 | ||
| Prealbumina (g/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.005 | (0.001 to 0.009) | .01 |
| WC z-score | 0.005 | (–0.001 to 0.011) | .13 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.005 | (0.001 to 0.009) | .08 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 0.003 | (–0.001 to 0.007) | .12 | |
| WC z-score | 0.002 | (–0.004 to 0.008) | .69 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.002 | (–0.004 to 0.008) | .68 | ||
| Total proteina (g/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.393 | (0.119 to 0.667) | .02 |
| WC z-score | 0.712 | (0.306 to 1.12) | .003 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.592 | (0.186 to 0.998) | .01 | ||
| Transferrina (g/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.061 | (0.037 to 0.085) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 0.074 | (0.037 to 0.111) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.081 | (0.048 to 0.114) | <.001 | ||
| Triglyceridesb (mmol/L) | B | BMI z-score | 0.035 | (0.023 to 0.047) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 0.048 | (0.030 to 0.066) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.050 | (0.032 to 0.068) | <.001 | ||
| Ureaa (mmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | 0.027 | (–0.073 to 0.127) | .73 |
| WC z-score | 0.025 | (–0.138 to 0.188) | .86 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 0.102 | (–0.041 to 0.245) | .27 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 0.015 | (–0.093 to 0.123) | .87 | |
| WC z-score | –0.052 | (–0.240 to 0.136) | .73 | ||
| WHtR z-score | –0.034 | (–0.195 to 0.127) | .79 | ||
| Uric acida (μmol/L) | F | BMI z-score | 14.1 | (9.30 to 18.9) | <.001 |
| WC z-score | 14.9 | (7.43 to 22.3) | <.001 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 14.7 | (8.05 to 21.4) | <.001 | ||
| M | BMI z-score | 10.3 | (4.20 to 16.4) | .004 | |
| WC z-score | 16.1 | (6.14 to 26.1) | .006 | ||
| WHtR z-score | 11.6 | (2.33 to 20.9) | .04 |
Coefficients and P values are reported for multiple linear regression models with each analyte as the dependent variable and BMI z-score, WC z-score, and WHtR z-score as the independent variables in separate regression models. All models were adjusted for age and sex or were performed separately for sex if sex significantly predicted analyte concentration when added to the multiple regression model. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was applied to control for false discovery rate. Bolded P values indicate those that are statistically significant (ie, P < .05).
Abbreviations: B, both sexes; BMI, body mass index; F, female; M, male; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.
a Robust multiple linear regression model was applied.
b Dependent variable was transformed using the natural logarithm (ln) before applying multiple linear regression.
c Value was <.05 before rounding value to 2 decimal places.