Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of RELAX Participants by Chronic Kidney Disease Status.
| Chronic Kidney Disease | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No (n=98) | Yes (n= 114) | p-value |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 65.2 (10.3) | 71.4 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 45 (46) | 57 (50) | 0.65 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.83 | ||
| White | 89 (91) | 106 (93) | |
| Black | 6 (6) | 5 (4) | |
| Other | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 34 (35) | 56 (49) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 76 (78) | 103 (90) | 0.02 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 37 (38) | 44 (39) | 0.99 |
| Duration of heart failure (years), mean (SD) | 2.1 (3.2) | 3.6 (4.7) | 0.01 |
| New York Heart Association Class, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| II | 62 (63) | 37 (32) | |
| III | 36 (37) | 77 (68) | |
| Pacemaker, n (%) | 9 (9) | 25 (22) | 0.02 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 9 (9) | 21 (18) | 0.08 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 48 (49) | 60 (53) | 0.70 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 69 (70) | 87 (76) | 0.41 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 14 (14) | 17 (15) | 0.94 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 18 (18) | 24 (21) | 0.75 |
| Depression, n (%) | 36 (37) | 30 (26) | 0.14 |
| Medications | |||
| Beta blocker, n (%) | 70 (71) | 90 (79) | 0.27 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, n (%) | 40 (41) | 57 (50) | 0.23 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker, n (%) | 32 (33) | 25 (22) | 0.11 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, n (%) | 8 (8) | 13 (11) | 0.58 |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 65 (66) | 97 (85) | 0.002 |
| Thiazide diuretic, n (%) | 16 (16) | 23 (20) | 0.59 |
| Statin, n (%) | 61 (62) | 73 (64) | 0.79 |
| Physical Exam | |||
| Heart rate (bpm), mean (SD) | 71 (12) | 69 (11) | 0.16 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 129 (17) | 127 (18) | 0.51 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 73 (10) | 68 (10) | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 34.1 (6.3) | 34.2 (7.6) | 0.87 |
| Jugular venous pressure, n (%) | 0.004 | ||
| <8 cm | 65 (68) | 47 (43) | |
| >8 cm | 31 (32) | 62 (57) | |
| Edema, n (%) | 0.02 | ||
| None | 49 (50) | 41 (36) | |
| Trace | 37 (38) | 42 (37) | |
| Moderate | 12 (12) | 21 (27) | |
| Laboratory | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean (SD) | 13.5 (1.4) | 12.4 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 139.3 (3.1) | 140.0 (3.3) | 0.12 |
| Potassium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.5) | 0.55 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 17.5 (14.0 – 23.0) | 31.0 (24.0 – 40.0) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (g/dL), median (IQR) | 0.84 (0.73 – 1.02) | 1.34 (1.13 – 1.70) | <0.001 |
| Cystatin-C (mg/L), median (IQR) | 1.04 (0.9 – 1.15) | 1.69 (1.47 −1.99) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2), mean (SD) | 76.9 (13.3) | 39.8 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 465.7 (92.0 – 876.2) | 1248.5 (482.4 – 2107.0) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 167.9 (114.3–255.5) | 207.0 (123.3–317.5) | 0.03 |
| Endothelin-1 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 2.16 (1.82–2.78) | 2.50 (2.12–3.36) | 0.001 |
| Troponin I (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 6.43 (3.64–14.09) | 11.45 (7.32–24.90) | <0.001 |
| CITP (ug/L), median (IQR) | 5.01 (4.02–6.13) | 8.05 (5.97–13.26) | <0.001 |
| Galectin-3 (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 12.2 (9.9–14.8) | 15.5 (12.8–20.9) | <0.001 |
| NT-procollagen III peptide (ug/L), median (IQR) | 7.06 (5.49–8.41) | 8.49 (6.42–11.03) | 0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 3.95 (1.65–8.27) | 3.58 (1.85–7.73) | 0.95 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 6.3 (5.2–7.9) | 8.0 (6.7–9.5) | <0.001 |
CITP = carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I; hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.
CKD was defined as eGFR ≤60 mL/min/1.73m2.