Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by sex.
| Characteristic | Men (N=158) | Women (N=165) | P-value+ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years: mean (SD) | 69 (9.4) | 68 (10.3) | 0.39 |
| Self-reported white race: n (%) | 149 (94.3%) | 143 (86.7%) | 0.02 |
| Clinical Assessment | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2: median (Q1, Q3) | 33.6 (29.1, 40.0) | 33.3 (28.9, 40.0) | 0.57 |
| New York Heart Association functional classification: n (%) | 0.30 | ||
| II | 82 (51.9%) | 76 (46.1%) | |
| III | 75 (47.5%) | 88 (53.3%) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg: median (Q1, Q3) | 126 (116, 138) | 126 (113, 141) | 0.63 |
| Heart rate, beats/min: mean (SD) | 70 (12.1) | 70 (12.0) | 0.81 |
| Peripheral edema, trace+: n/N (%) | 98 / 157 (62.4%) | 92 / 165 (55.8%) | 0.22 |
| Medical History | |||
| Hypertension: n (%) | 138 (87.3%) | 142 (86.1%) | 0.74 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter: n (%) | 87 (55.1%) | 63 (38.2%) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic heart disease: n (%) | 87 (55.1%) | 62 (37.6%) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus: n (%) | 82 (51.9%) | 53 (32.1%) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, stage 3+: n/N (%) | 78 / 157 (49.7%) | 92 / 165 (55.8%) | 0.28 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: n (%) | 35 (22.2%) | 23 (13.9%) | 0.06 |
| Anemia: n/N (%) | 66 / 156 (42.3%) | 44 / 165 (26.7%) | 0.003 |
| Medications at Enrollment | |||
| Loop diuretic: n (%) | 122 (77.2%) | 113 (68.5%) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blocker: n (%) | 124 (78.5%) | 115 (69.7%) | 0.07 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker: n (%) | 110 (69.6%) | 110 (66.7%) | 0.57 |
| Aldosterone antagonist: n (%) | 21 (13.3%) | 28 (17.0%) | 0.36 |
| Calcium channel blocker: n (%) | 51 (32.3%) | 49 (29.7%) | 0.62 |
| Echocardiographic Data | |||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, %: mean (SD) [N] | 60 (7.6) [156] | 63 (7.9) [164] | 0.004 |
| Left ventricular end diastolic dimension, cm: mean (SD) [N] | 4.9 (0.67) [124] | 4.6 (0.51) [143] | <.001 |
| Left ventricular mass / body surface area, g/m2: median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 88 (67, 109) [123] | 72 (60, 84) [138] | <.001 |
| Left ventricular mass / body surface area >= 95 g/m2 (women) or 115 g/m2 (men): n/N (%) | 22 / 123 (17.9%) | 17 / 138 (12.3%) | 0.21 |
| Relative wall thickness > 0.41: n/N (%) | 79 / 123 (64.2%) | 60 / 138 (43.5%) | <.001 |
| Left atrial volume index, mL/m2: median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 44 (33, 61) [103] | 40 (31, 52) [134] | 0.03 |
| Medial e′, m/s: median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) [144] | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) [155] | 0.32 |
| Medial E/e′: median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 14 (11, 20) [137] | 15 (11, 20) [152] | 0.38 |
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mmHg: median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 40 (32, 49) [78] | 36 (30, 49) [105] | 0.54 |
| Laboratory Biomarkers | |||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL: median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 622 (214, 1333) [156] | 446 (141, 1187) [164] | 0.11 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Six-minute walk distance, m: mean (SD) [N] | 311 (115.2) [158] | 299 (112.2) [164] | 0.32 |
| MLHFQ total score ^: mean (SD) [N] | 46 (23.6) [148] | 44 (22.3) [151] | 0.61 |
| Physical dimension score (range 0-40): median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 22 (15, 30) [152] | 24 (14, 30) [162] | 0.55 |
| Emotional dimension score (range 0-25): median (Q1, Q3) [N] | 8 (3, 14) [157] | 9 (5, 15) [163] | 0.12 |
Values are displayed as median (interquartile range) [N], mean (SD) [N], or n/N (%) when data are missing in a given cell.
+
Continuous variables reported as median (interquartile range) were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Continuous variables reported as mean (SD) were compared using the Student’s t-test.
^
Higher scores on the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire correspond to worse health status.
61/507 (57.0%) subjects in NEAT and 104/216 (48.1%) subjects in RELAX were female (P=0.13).
NT-proBNP=N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; MLHFQ = Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire