Table 5.
Echocardiographic results in 2006 adjusted for age, exposure group and variables in 2006
| Variable | Group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed to cobalt ≥ 0.55 mg-year (n = 47) | Exposed to cobalt < 0.55 mg-year (n = 42) | Unexposed (n = 49) | p value | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | Adjusted mean | Mean (SD) | Adjusted mean | Mean (SD) | Adjusted mean | Age* | Exposure group | Age*Group | Covariates | |
| LA | 20.4 (2.2) | – | 20.1 (2.1) | – | 20.5 (2.5) | – | 0.003 | 0.754 | 0.596 | – |
| RVD | 10.8 (2.2) | – | 10.5 (2.5) | – | 11.2 (2.1) | – | 0.074 | 0.320 | 0.847 | – |
| RVS | 10.7 (1.7) | 10.7 | 10.7 (2.1) | 10.7 | 11.3 (1.7) | 11.3 | 0.070 | 0.305 | 0.913 | 0.046 (bp) |
| LVEDD (mm/m2) | 27.4 (2.5) | 27.4 | 27.1 (2.6) | 27.1 | 27.5 (2.5) | 27.4 | 0.620 | 0.862 | 0.534 | 0.042 (alc) |
| LVESD (mm/m2) | 17.1 (2.0) | 17.2 | 16.9 (1.9) | 16.9 | 17.1 (2.0) | 17.1 | 0.144 | 0.811 | 0.727 | 0.006 (alc) |
| IVSD (mm/m2) | 5.5 (0.67) | – | 5.7 (0.85) | – | 5.6 (0.72) | – | 0.008 | 0.247 | 0.326 | – |
| IVSS (mm/m2) | 7.8 (0.80) | – | 7.9 (1.0) | – | 7.8 (0.91) | – | 0.001 | 0.765 | 0.594 | – |
| LVPWD (mm/m2) | 4.9 (0.49) | – | 5.0 (0.54) | – | 4.9 (0.53) | – | 0.001 | 0.319 | 0.976 | – |
| LVPWS (mm/m2) | 7.7 (0.77) | – | 7.6 (0.85) | – | 7.7 (0.81) | – | 0.401 | 0.734 | 0.753 | – |
| LVMASS | 119.1 (18.4) | 118.1 | 121.5 (26.4) | 122.3 | 119.1 (22.6) | 118.4 | 0.252 | 0.608 | 0.367 | 0.004 (bp), 0.014 (alc) |
| FSa | 37.7 (4.1) | – | 37.5 (5.2) | – | 37.8 (5.9) | – | 0.035 | 0.982 | 0.980 | – |
| EFa | 66.9 (5.3) | 66.8 | 66.7 (6.8) | 66.7 | 66.8 (7.1) | 66.9 | 0.034 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.035 (bmi), 0.042 (alc) |
| IVSD + LVPWD/LVEDDa | 0.40 (0.15) | – | 0.39 (0.07) | – | 0.38 (0.04) | – | 0.018 | 0.737 | 0.484 | – |
| IVRT (ms)b | 66.9 (10.2) | 66.8 | 68.5 (12.2) | 69.4 | 69.6 (11.7) | 68.9 | 0.115 | 0.545 | 0.602 | 0.002 (h) |
| DT (ms)b | 187.4 (26.2) | 186.6 | 183.4 (24.4) | 184.2 | 193.9 (26.9) | 192.4 | 0.019 | 0.278 | 0.117 | 0.003 (h) |
| E/A/ratiob | 1.3 (0.21) | 1.3 | 1.5 (0.44) | 1.5 | 1.5 (0.45) | 1.5 | 0.104 | 0.115 | 0.860 | < 0.001 (h) |
| E | 0.67 (0.13) | – | 0.68 (0.15) | – | 0.70 (0.16) | – | 0.314 | 0.622 | 0.297 | – |
| A | 0.55 (0.15) | 0.54 | 0.52 (0.13) | 0.52 | 0.51 (0.11) | 0.53 | 0.033 | 0.72 | 0.329 | < 0.001 (h), 0.055 (bp), 0.056 (bmi) |
| E/A ratio | 1.26 (0.24) | 1.3 | 1.36 (0.33) | 1.37 | 1.42 (0.33) | 1.39 | 0.001 | 0.237 | 0.856 | < 0.001 (h), 0.035 (bp) |
| DT | 182.4 (26.2) | – | 184.8 (26.3) | – | 182.1 (25.8) | – | 0.019 | 0.729 | 0.505 | – |
| Em tissue | 0.083 (0.016) | 0.084 | 0.081 (0.020) | 0.081 | 0.086 (0.018) | 0.085 | 0.003 | 0.498 | 0.244 | 0.028 (h) |
| Am tissue | 0.084 (0.014) | 0.082 | 0.077 (0.014) | 0.076 | 0.082 (0.014) | 0.083 | 0.007 | 0.028 | 0.466 | 0.023 (bp), 0.021 (bmi), < 0.001 (h) |
| tissueEm/Am ratio | 1.03 (0.27) | 1.06 | 1.12 (0.34) | 1.12 | 1.07 (0.30) | 1.04 | < 0.001 | 0.325 | 0.818 | 0.017 (bp), < 0.001 (h) |
| EmDT | 93.1 (14.9) | – | 90.7 (14.9) | – | 94.2 (19.3) | – | 0.104 | 0.635 | 0.749 | – |
| E/Em | 8.5 (2.5) | 8.4 | 8.6 (2.2) | 8.6 | 8.6 (2.1) | 8.6 | 0.021 | 0.83 | 0.314 | 0.002 (bmi) |
Covariates in the model: exposure, age and their interaction are permanently in the model, in addition, following adjusting covariates have been put on the model, only the significant associations are shown: smoking, blood pressure > 140/90 in 2006 or earlier hypertension diagnosed by physician (bp), athlete sports (as)
E early filling wave velocity, DT deceleration time, A atrial filling wave velocity, E/A ratio ratio between velocity of early and atrial filling, E/Em early filling wave velocity/tissue Doppler E velocity, EmDT deceleration time, Em tissue early filling wave velocity, Am tissue atrial filling wave velocity, Em/Am ratio, LA left atrium, RVD right ventricle (diastolic), RVS right ventricle (systolic), LVEDD left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVESD left ventricular end systolic diameter, IVSD interventricular septum (diastolic), IVSS interventricular septum (systolic), LVPWD left ventricular posterior wall (diastolic), LVPWS left ventricular posterior wall (systolic), LVMASS left ventricular mass, FS fractional shortening, EF ejection fraction, AO aorta, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, IVRT isovolumic relaxation time
aBody mass index (bmi) (adjusted in the model in addition, only the significant associations are shown), bbmi, heart rate in echo (h) (adjusted in the model in addition, only the significant associations are shown) age groups <56v ja>=56v in 2006