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. 2020 Jan 15;122(6):847–856. doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0718-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — For every ith patient, k_i is the total number of serial measurements, y_i,j is the jth serial measurement and t_i,j and t_i,ki represent, respectively, ages at which the current and the most recent measurements were taken. A simple cut-off for the final measurement of each candidate marker was used as Index 5{5}.