TABLE 5.
Influence of deep breathing test on autonomic indices and pupillary dynamics.
| Parameter | Resting condition | Deep breathing | Significance |
| Cardiovascular indices | |||
| HR [min–1] | 64 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | n.s. |
| RMSSD [ms] | 35.5 ± 17.9 | 56.7 ± 19.9 | p < 0.001 |
| SBP [mmHg] | 114.1 ± 16.9 | 110.8 ± 18.2 | p < 0.05 |
| DBP [mmHg] | 70.9 ± 9.2 | 65.3 ± 11.3 | p < 0.001 |
| sdSBP [mmHg] | 5.31 ± 2.08 | 5.25 ± 1.62 | n.s. |
| sdDBP [mmHg] | 3.81 ± 2.17 | 3.94 ± 1.25 | n.s. |
| BRS [ms/mmHg] | 15.8 ± 10.4 | 24.4 ± 13.9 | p < 0.001 |
| Respiration | |||
| BR [min–1] | 12 ± 4 | 6 ± 1 | p < 0.001 |
| sdRC [ms] | 721 ± 410 | 276 ± 112 | p < 0.001 |
| Skin conductance | |||
| SCL [μS] | 3.82 ± 3.4 | 4.18 ± 3.65 | p < 0.05 |
| SCF [min–1] | 2.29 ± 2.9 | 5.22 ± 4.87 | p < 0.001 |
| Pupil diameter | |||
| Mean PD [mm] | 3.93 ± 0.76 | 4.12 ± 0.75 | p < 0.01 |
| PUI [mm/min] | 11 ± 3.9 | 13.9 ± 8.7 | p < 0.05 |
| Sample entropy | 0.647 ± 0.154 | 0.466 ± 0.104 | p < 0.001 |
HR: mean heart rate, RMSSD: root mean square of heart beat interval differences, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: systolic blood pressure, sdSBP: standard deviation of SBP, sdDBP: standard deviation of DBP, BRS: baroreflex sensitivity, BR: breathing rate, sdRC: standard deviation of respiratory cycles, SCL: skin conductance level, SCF: skin conductance fluctuations, Mean PD: mean pupil diameter, PUI: pupillary unrest index.