Table 3.

Effects of anthocyanin on inflammatory biomarkers.

	Placebo (n=43)		40mg Antho (n=44)		80mg Antho (n=40)		320mg Antho (n=42)
	value	MCb (%)	value	MC (%)	value	MC (%)	value	MC (%)
IL-6 (pg/ml)
Baseline	2.30±0.21a		2.92±0.14		2.71±0.18		2.34±0.19
6 wk	2.50±0.25	0.34±0.13	2.83±0.17	0.04±0.07	2.46±0.20	-0.03±0.08	2.05±0.18	0.12±0.13
12 wk	2.29±0.28	0.08±0.10	2.77±0.25	-0.04±0.08	1.98±0.18#[1]	-0.20±0.08∗[2]	1.06±0.18#	-0.40±0.11∗∗[2]
TNF-α (nmol/L)
Baseline	6.02±0.39		6.76±0.38		6.17±0.25		6.39±0.55
6 wk	5.65±0.39	0.17±0.11	6.39±0.47	-0.02±0.06	5.63±0.53	-0.06±0.09	5.60±0.60	0.01±0.05
12 wk	5.69±0.35	0.05±0.06	6.52±0.42	-0.02±0.05	5.39±0.40#	-0.11±0.06	4.92±0.53#	-0.21±0.05∗∗
IL-10 (pg/ml)
Baseline	1.23±0.10		1.11±0.09		1.14±0.07		0.99±0.06
6 wk	1.01±0.09	0.11±0.12	0.99±0.09	0.18±0.12	1.13±0.12	0.16±0.14	1.01±0.08	0.12±0.09
12 wk	1.09±0.09	0.12±0.09	1.04±0.08	0.13±0.08	1.20±0.06	0.19±0.07	1.03±0.06	0.13±0.08
CRP (mg/L)
Baseline	1.42±0.16		1.46±0.17		1.52±0.25		1.52±0.16
6 wk	1.33±0.14	0.08±0.07	1.38±0.17	0.04±0.06	1.29±0.17	0.03±0.07	1.40±0.13	0.03±0.07
12 wk	1.53±0.25	0.15±0.11	1.52±0.21	0.12±0.09	1.62±0.30	0.10±0.12	1.23±0.20	-0.13±0.09

¹ Compared within the group from baseline to follow-up (Either Wilcoxon signed rank test or Students’ t test for paired data), ^#P<0.05.

² Compared between the placebo group and anthocyanin groups (ANOVA for independent data), ^∗P<0.05, ^∗∗P<0.01.

Abbreviation: SEM, standard error of mean; MC, mean change; Antho, anthocyanin group; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-10: interleukin-10; CRP: C-reactive protein.

^aMean ± SEM (all such values).

^bCalculated as (value after intervention-value before intervention) / value before intervention ×100 %.