Table 3.

Analysis of variance, means (± SDE), and relative changes due to salinity stress for physiological traits, biochemical activities, and the relative expression of the studied genes in the different Aegilops and Triticum genotypes

Variable	Source of variation					Mean		Relative change to control condition
	Replication	Stress (S)	Genotype (G)	S × G	Error	Control condition	Salinity condition
SFW	0.02	0.26**	0.93**	9 × 10−3	0.21	0.40 ± 0.03	0.28 ± 0.02	30.28%
RFW	1 × 10−3	0.04**	0.02*	7 × 10−3	4 × 10−3	0.07 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01	47.23%
SDW	1 × 10−3	2 × 10−3	6 × 10−3**	1 × 10−4	1 × 10−3	0.10 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01	10.68%
RDW	1 × 10−4	4 × 10−4	1 × 10−3**	4 × 10−4*	1 × 10−4	0.05 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	32.75%
LN	0.01	2.94**	0.08*	0.05	0.03	0.92 ± 0.04	1.32 ± 0.08	− 43.48%†
LK	0.05	1.52**	4 × 10−3	0.01	0.02	1.11 ± 0.06	0.82 ± 0.09	26.13%
RN	0.05	46.48**	0.09**	0.03	0.03	1.23 ± 0.05	2.83 ± 0.57	− 130.08%
RK	6 × 10−3	35.77**	2 × 10−3	2 × 10−3	4 × 10−3	1.71 ± 1.07	0.31 ± 0.97	81.87%
LKN	0.09	7.72**	0.14*	0.13	0.05	1.28 ± 0.03	0.62 ± 0.01	51.56%
RKN	0.02	31.71**	0.07**	0.06**	0.02	1.43 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	92.31%
APX activity	2 × 10−3	0.02**	0.01**	0.02**	1 × 10−3	0.10 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.01	− 31.38%
GPX activity	27.45	414.62*	412.32**	509.57**	122.40	32.79 ± 2.61	37.59 ± 2.39	− 14.64%
SOD activity	2.88	120.92**	100.02**	132.21**	3.56	8.48 ± 1.18	11.07 ± 0.87	− 30.56%
APX gene	15.41	5861.55**	44.96**	29.51	16.49	2.29 ± 0.31	20.33 ± 1.08	8.87-fold††
GPX gene	2.28	1098.24**	32.42**	28.15**	3.68	1.72 ± 0.15	22.15 ± 1.57	12.87-fold
MnSOD gene	35.37	7508.02**	83.29**	87.06**	25.88	1.87 ± 0.22	9.68 ± 0.78	5.16-fold
TaSOS1 gene	0.312	45.58**	0.71**	0.94**	0.23	0.69 ± 0.07	2.28 ± 0.13	3.30-fold
TaHKT1;5 gene	280.05	20,094.44**	562.72**	544.11**	147.41	1.37 ± 016	34.78 ± 3.93	25.38-fold

df value for replication, stress, genotypes, and interaction effect; error is 2, 1, 11, 11, and 46, respectively

SFW, shoot fresh weight; RFW, root fresh weight; SDW, shoot dry weight; RDW, root dry weight; LN, leaf Na⁺ concentration; LK, leaf K⁺ concentration; RN, root Na⁺ concentration; RK, root K⁺ concentration; LKN, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio of leaf; RKN, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio of root; APX activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity; GPX activity, guaiacol peroxidase activity; SOD activity, superoxide dismutase activity; APX gene, APX gene expression; GPX gene, GPX gene expression; SOD gene, MnSOD gene expression, SOS1 gene, TaSOS1 gene expression; TaHKT1;5 gene, TaHKT1;5 gene expression

*, **Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively

^†Negative numbers indicate values higher than the control condition

^††Relative change to the control condition