Table 4.
Antimicrobial activity of CS–TiO2 composite.
| Microorganism | Material | Composition | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus, Penicillium | CS–TiO2 film | CS (2% w/v), nano–TiO2 (1% w/w) | The film exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram–positive and Gram–negative bacteria, and fungi. | [40] |
| Sthapylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aureginosa | CS–TiO2:Ag composite | CS (1.5% w/v), TiO2 (0.1% w/v), Ag (1 mol L−1) | CS–TiO2:Ag exhibited major antibacterial activity than CS–TiO2 composite against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aureginosa. | [72] |
| Sthapylococcus aureus | CS–TiO2 membrane | CS (1% w/v), TiO2 (0.25% w/v) | Enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus by CS–TiO2 compared to CS films. | [4] |
| Escherichia coli | CS–Ag–TiO2 coating | CS (1% w/v), AgNO3 solution (1% w/v), 0.5% TiO2 NPs | CS–Ag–TiO2 exhibited higher antimicrobial activity (MIC of 0.38 µg mL−1) than the individual components (CS, Ag, TiO2) against E. coli (MIC > 4 µg mL−1). | [44] |
| Escherichia coli, Sthapylococcus aureus, Candida albicans | Ag–CS–TiO2 composite | CS–TiO2 (0.15 g) mixed in 40 mL of AgNO3 (Ag+ 200 mg L−1) | Composite exhibited favorable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, without significant losses of its activity even after five consecutive cycles. | [6] |
| Escherichia coli, Sthapylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium | CS–TiO2 film | CS (2% w/v), TiO2 (0.1% w/v) NPs | Films were effective in reducing the microbial concentration in liquid culture for S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, but effectiveness was dependent on the strain and TiO2 content. | [15] |
| Escherichia coli, Sthapylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger | CS–TiO2 film | CS (2.5% w/v), TiO2 NPs (2.5% w/v) | CS–TiO2 films exhibited photocatalytic antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, and A. niger. | [54] |
| Salmonella choleraesuis | TiO2 on CS beads and activated carbon | CS (2% w/v), nano–TiO2 (5% w/v) | TiO2 coated on activated carbon and chitosan beads served as a strong anti-bacterial agent against S. choleraesuis subsp. | [78] |
| Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | CS–TiO2:Cu composite | CS (1% w/v), nano–TiO2:Cu (0.2 mg mL−1) | CS–TiO2: Cu exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, it was enhanced in 200% in presence of UV-light. | [10] |
| Escherichia coli | TiO2/CS/CMM coating layer | CS (1,3,5% w/t), TiO2 (2%), CMM | TiO2/CS exhibited significant reduction (93%) in viable cells E. coli in viable cells after 24 h. | [64] |
| Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans | CS/TiO2 emulsion deposited on gauzes | CS (0.1% w/v), TiO2 (0.05 g), gauze 25 cm2 | Gauze treated with chitosan/nano–TiO2 composite emulsion showed antibacterial activities against E. coli, A. niger and C. albicans. | [79] |
| Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger | CS–Fe–TiO2 coatings | Chitosan (0.1% w/v), Fe–TiO2 (0.05 g) | Antimicrobial activity against E. coli, C. albicans and A. niger under visible light irradiation. | [41] |
| Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis | CS–GO–TiO2 coating | CS (1% w/v), GO:TiO2 ratio 1:2 | Self-assembled film of GO–CS with nano–TiO2 exhibited high antibacterial activity against biofilm forming A. niger and B. subtilis. | [80] |
| Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger | CS–TiO2 incorporated in cotton fibers | CS (1% w/v), TiO2 (0.5 g), cotton fiber 250 cm2 | More than 99% of E. coli, S. aureus and A. niger of viable cells were inactivated. | [42] |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae | CS–TiO2 composite | CS:TiO2 (2:1) | Moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, but no for E. coli and K. pneumoniae. | [68] |
| Escherichia coli | CS–TiO2 composite | CS (1% w/v), TiO2 (1% w/v) | CS–TiO2 exhibited a complete inactivation of E. coli (100% of reduction) in comparison with a CS alone (7.5%) after 24 h of exposure. | [74] |
| Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus | Zein/CS/TiO2 film | CS (0.12 g), Zein (2 g), TiO2 (0.25% w/w) | Antimicrobial activity of Zein/CS was improved by the incorporation of TiO2. | [55] |
| Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae | CS–TiO2 composite | CS (1% w/v), TiO2 (0.50% w/w) | CS–TiO2 exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity compared with the individual components. | [9] |
| Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus | TiO2–CS–PVA composite | TiO2 (0.1 g), CS (0.5 g), PVA solution (10%), mass ratio 1:5:20 | Composite exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus compared with the individual components. | [81] |
CS: chitosan; CMM: Cellulose microfibers mat; GO: graphene oxide.