Table 6.
Potential biomedical application of a CS–TiO2 composite.
| Application | Material | Composition | Relevant Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wound healing | CS–TiO2 membrane | CS (1% w/v), TiO2 (0.25% w/w) | Membranes allow proliferation, survival, and decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis of L929 cells. | [4] |
| Immuno-biosensors | Au/CS/TiO2–graphene composite | CS (1 mg mL−1), TiO2-Gr (1 mg), Au (NI) | Biosensor exhibited good bioactivity, sensitivity (0.1–300 ng mL−1) and selectivity for α-fetoprotein detection. Possible applications on the detection of other antigens or biocompounds. | [98] |
| Wound healing | CS–TiO2 with collagen artificial skin (NTCAS) | CS (2%), TiO2 (0.40%) | In an animal model, NTCAS had better outcomes with regard to integrated wound healing than a commercial product. | [59] |
| Glucose biosensor | Ppy–CS–TiO2 nanocomposite film | CS (50 mg mL−1), TiO2 (NI), Ppy (NI) | Biosensor showed good sensitivity over linear range of 1–14 mM with detection limit of 614 µM for glucose (R2 = 0.989). | [99] |
| Glucose biosensor | TiO2–CN–CS composite functionalized with nano–Au | 2 mg TiO2-CN was dispersed in 2 mL CS solution (1 mg mL−1), Au (NI) | Biosensor showed good response performance to glucose with a linear range of 6 µM to 1.2 mM with a detection limit of 0.1 µM glucose. | [100] |
| Tissue engineering applications | chitin–CS/nano–TiO2 composite scaffolds | CS (2% w/v), TiO2 (2% w/w) | No cytotoxic effects on MG-63, L929, and hMSCs cell lines were observed. | [47] |
| Wound healing | CS–Pectin–TiO2 composite | CS:Pectin (1:1), TiO2 (0.001% w/w) | The wounds treated with CS-Pectin-TiO2 dressing material healed faster than CS-treated and gauze. | [49] |
| Wound healing | TiO2–CS–ECM | CS (8.6% w/v), TiO2 (1% w/w), ECM sheets | TiO2-CS-ECM exhibited wound healing acceleration effects. | [101] |
| Tissue engineering applications | CS–TiO2 composite | CS (1% w/v), TiO2 (2:1) | No cytotoxic effect of the composite on a gastric carcinoma human cell line. The preparation method has a remarkable effect on composite biocompatibility. | [46] |
| Regulation of osteoblast bioactivity | CS–gelatin composite coating on ICA–modified TiO2 nanotubes | CS (10 mg mL−1), gelatin (NI), TiO2 (0.5 mg mL−1), ICA (NI) | Composite promote osteoblast proliferation and up-regulation on the expression of bone-related genes (osteopontin, type I collagen, and osteoprotegerin) while down-regulating RANKL mRNA expression. | [102] |
| Drug delivery system | CS/DOP/TiO2 composite | CS (1% w/v), DOP (0.01–0.04% w/v), TiO2 (30% mass ratio) | Incorporation of TiO2 on CS/DOP composite considerably reduces the drug release (16 h) in comparison with CS/DOP system (10 min). | [103] |
| Bone regeneration | TiO2–CS–H4S composite | TiO2-CS-CH4S molar ration 2:1:0.125 | The composite exhibited high bioactivity and biocompatibility with human MG–63 cell line. | [67] |
| Medical dressing | TiO2–CS–PVA | TiO2 (0.1 g), CS (0.5 g), PVA solution (10%), mass ratio 1:5:20 | Composite did not show toxicity against L929 cell line. | [9] |
NI: No information; Ppy: polypyrrole; ICA: icariin; DOP: Dopamine; CH4S: chondrotoin 4-sulphate; CN: Carbon nanotubes; ECM: electrospun chitosan membrane; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol.