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. 2020 Mar 13;12:1913–1927. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S228718

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© 2020 Wong et al.

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A proposed model of anticancer effects using CCBs combined with chemotherapy to induce cell death on chemoresistant lung cancer cells. Administration of VER or DIL induces autophagy; and death ratios of chemoresistant cells were significantly increased when VER combined with chemotherapy. Both caspase-dependent and independent cell death mechanisms contribute to the anticancer effects of VER/chemotherapy. Knockdown of ATG5 by shATG5 reduced caspase-dependent cell death. Whereas, accumulation of autophagosomes by VER/chemotherapy or CQ results in cells to be burst in a caspase-independent pathway of cell death.