Table 4.

Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) Between Ulam Consumption and Cognitive Parameters

Variables	Ulam consumption				P‐value	Effect size Cohen's f
Cognitive parameters	25th percentile (<13g) (n = 8)	50th percentile (13‐37g) (n = 8)	75th percentile (38‐46g) (n = 8)	100th percentile (≥47g) (n = 8)
MMSE	27.25 ± 3.33	29.75 ± 0.46	29.88 ± 0.35	28.13 ± 2.42	0.332	0.70
Digit span	8.88 ± 0.64a	8.87 ± 0.99b	10.63 ± 1.85	11.63 ± 1.19ab	<0.001	1.06
RAVLT (total immediate recall)	27.38 ± 6.28abc	40.50 ± 8.60a	41.75 ± 7.21b	39.13 ± 10.00c	0.024	0.67
RAVLT (delayed recall)	6.88 ± 1.73	8.88 ± 1.81	10.29 ± 3.04	9.00 ± 2.98	0.127	0.52
0‐back right DLPFC activation	0.58 ± 0.18a	0.60 ± 0.18b	0.69 ± 0.16	0.82 ± 0.15ab	0.048	0.61
0‐back left DLPFC activation	0.52 ± 0.25	0.39 ± 0.19	0.45 ± 0.20	0.67 ± 0.23	0.070	0.56
1‐back right DLPFC activation	0.59 ± 0.13ac	0.24 ± 0.22bd	0.82 ± 0.13ab	0.79 ± 0.16cd	0.003	0.85
1‐back left DLPFC activation	0.48 ± 0.15	0.40 ± 0.27	0.49 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.29	0.446	0.33
SCWT‐1 right DLPFC activation	0.84 ± 0.21	0.85 ± 0.50	0.93 ± 0.43	1.19 ± 0.39	0.131	0.50
SCWT‐1 left DLPFC activation	0.65 ± 0.18a	0.46 ± 0.22bc	1.09 ± 0.49ab	0.95 ± 0.36c	0.002	0.90
SCWT‐2 right DLPFC activation	0.83 ± 0.46	0.72 ± 0.49	1.02 ± 0.38	1.06 ± 0.44	0.229	0.43
SCWT‐2 left DLPFC activation	0.86 ± 0.14b	0.81 ± 0.45ac	1.21 ± 0.45a	1.30 ± 0.53bc	0.030	0.65

^{a, b, c, d}Significant at P < 0.05 using least significance difference (LSD) post‐hoc test.

The model was adjusted by age, gender, and years of formal education.

CI, confidence interval; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; SCWT, Stroop Color Word Test.