. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2020 Jan 27;29(3):659–667. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0766

Table 3.

Weighted geometric mean of biomarker of tobacco exposures among current established dual cigarette and smokeless tobacco users, by frequency of use, PATH Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

	Daily Cig, Daily SLT		Daily Cig, Nondaily SLT		Nondaily Cig, Daily SLT		Nondaily Cig, Nondaily SLT
Urinary Biomarker (creatinine–corrected)	n	GM (95% CI)	n	GM (95% CI)	n	GM (95% CI)	n	GM (95% CI)
Nicotine metabolites
TNE2, µmol/g	33	60.7 (33.7–109.3) ^a,c	56	47.8 (41.3–55.4) ^a	35	53.6 (39.9–72) ^a,b,c	16	9.3 (3.9–22.5) ^a,b,c
TSNA
NNAL, ng/g	33	863.1 (634.6–1173.9) ^a,b,c	56	358 (298.7–429.1) ^a,b	35	680.2 (479.4–965.3) ^a,b,c	16	98.4 (54.3–178.1) ^a,b,c
NNN, ng/g	33	33.6 (18.3–61.6) ^a,b,c	55	16.9 (13.7–21) ^a,b	34	18.1 (11.6–28.3) ^a,b,c	16	4.4 (2.4–8.1) ^a,b,c
PAH
1–PYR, ng/g	33	289.3 (229.7–364.3)^a,b,c	56	343.6 (239.3–493.3) ^a	35	181.7 (145.8–226.3) ^a,b,c	16	173.5 (119.7–251.6) ^a,b,c
2–FLU, ng/g	33	872.8 (635–1199.7)^a,b,c	56	1194 (940.7–1515.5)^a	35	436.9 (347.3–549.5)^a,b,c	16	426.2 (298.6–608.3)^a,b,c
VOC
HPMA, µg/g	32	1031.2 (620.3–1714.1) ^a,c	53	1211.5 (988.6–1484.7) ^a	34	289.0 (228.9–365.0) ^b,c	16	383.9 (286.6–514.3) ^a,b,c
CYMA, µg/g	32	99.7 (45.0–221.0) ^a,c	56	153.8 (121.6–194.5) ^a	35	14.1 (8.1–24.4) ^a,b,c	16	33.3 (17.2–64.2) ^a,b,c
MHB3, µg/g	32	25.0 (16.2–38.5) ^a,c	56	29.7 (24.8–35.6) ^a	35	6.9 (5.2–9.1) ^a,b,c	16	10.3 (6.8–15.8) ^a,b,c
Metals
Cadmium, µg/g	33	0.2 (0.2–0.3) ^a,c	56	0.2 (0.1–0.2) ^a	35	0.1 (0.1–0.1) ^b,c	16	0.1 (0–0.1) ^b,c
Lead, µg/g	33	0.5 (0.4–0.6) ^a,c	56	0.4 (0.4–0.5) ^a,b	35	0.3 (0.3–0.4) ^a,c	16	0.3 (0.2–0.5) ^a,c
Total inorganic arsenic, µg/g	33	4.9 (3.7–6.7) ^c	56	4.3 (3.9–4.8)	35	4.8 (3.8–6) ^b,c	16	4 (3–5.2)^,c

GM: geometric mean; CI: confidence intervals; TNE2: total nicotine equivalent-2; NNAL: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonol; NNN: N’-nitrosonornicotine; 1-PYR: 1-hydroxypyrene; 2-FLU: 2-hydroxyfluorene; HPMA: N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine; CYMA: N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine; MHB3: N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine.

Biomarkers levels are significantly (P<0.05) different from those in never tobacco users; adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment and log-transformed creatinine levels.

Biomarkers levels are significantly (P<0.05) different from those in daily cigarette smokers; adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education attainment and log-transformed creatinine levels.

Estimate should be interpreted with caution because it has low precision. It is based on a sample size of less than 50, or the coefficient of variation of the estimate is larger than 30 percent.